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The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan The rise of electronic media and the post-9/11 terrorism Ahsan Akhtar Naz, Wajiha Raza Rizvi Institute of Communication Studies, <strong>University</strong> of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan’s is a curious case of the historical media-government differences due to internal instability, terrorism, and wars. A succession of governments has exercised strict controls over media that it fought rigorously through violations and severe punishments during the martial law regimes. The democratic governments began negotiating ethics with the media, giving it freedom and protection under the constitution (1973). However, the differences were never settled despite the introduction of free media policy by Musharraf’s (semi)martial law government at the advent of the new millennium. The media and the history of media regulations present a never ending story of ethical violations by media groups and professionals who have compromised truth and objectivity for vested interests. The magnitude of this lapse has increased tremendously due to heavy induction of immature journalists. Consequently, the media groups lack abilities for managing information with responsibility in the present scenario of the post-9/11 War on Terror that parallel a rise of free electronic media in Pakistan. This situation reflects a demand by some sections of the Press and public to implement media ethics to avoid mass-mediated view of reality pertaining to terrorism and sectarianism. The media shall change its attitude and frame and implement ethics to avoid any future regulations by the government. This paper examines the Pakistani media scene and the historical media-government differences in view of Pakistan’s internal instability and terrorism that global media project, putting challenges to the local censors and the credibility of the government and media in Pakistan. The Pakistani Media Scene At the time of Independence in 1947, the Pakistani media was limited to 08 daily newspapers (“Pakistan,” Background, para. 2, n.d.) and only two radio stations. By the turn of the millennium, it expanded to 815 papers and periodicals, 24 radio stations, 03 private FM stations, and 05 terrestrial TV stations that were supplemented by PTV World, Shalimar Television Network (Orient & Carat, 2010; Ziauddin, 2000), and a mushroom growth of illegal cable television networks that had begun with the arrival of the satellite in Pakistan in the late 1980s. These networks gave access to foreign channels and pirated films into homes throughout Pakistan, lacking state sensitization for responding to the issues quickly. They also showed an opportunity to private media groups to beam into every home and increase clientele through the electronic publication of news (A. Islam, personal communication, 1991). However, these groups did not succeed due to government’s control over electronic media till the beginning of the new millennium. The government, finally sensitized to the spread of cable, responded by establishing Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) to control the illegal access of foreign channels after about a decade. Presently, the legal and illegal networks are beaming three state owned, and eighty two licensed (PEMRA, 2010) and a few unlicensed channels in urban areas. As opposed to the year 2000 when the press, radio, and TV were catering to about 20% to 30%, 95%, and 70% population respectively, the Pakistani press, radio, and TV now cater to 39%, 97%, and 80% population through over 700 accredited and 2,700 non-accredited newspapers (1,199 in 2008), 160 accredited and 800 non-accredited periodicals till July 2010, 167 radio & FM stations, 22 TV stations, and 116 TV channels including the 14 in process (Gallup, 2009; “TV Viewership,” 2009; Orient & Carat, 2010; Radio, 2010; Jabbar, A., personal communication, 241
The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan 2010; PID, 2010; “Pakistan,” Basic data, & Broadcast media, n.d.; Ziauddin, 2000). The media expansion in Pakistan has broken the monopoly of the state over the electronic media, ending, what Rehmat calls, “virtual information darkness of the first 55 years” (2010). However, the government-media tussle over media’s sense of responsibility and ethics carries on. 1947 Figure 1. The growth of newspapers, and radio, and TV channels since 1947 Figure 2. The comparison of the state owned and private TV channels since 242
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