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The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan Journalizing Self and the Occident: Mahathir Mohamad, European Civilization and the Western Media by Ahmad Murad Merican Department of Management and Humanities Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Perak and Honorary President Resident Fellow Perdana Leadership Foundation Putrajaya Malaysia [Presented to the Seminar on The Asian Conference on Media, Osaka, 28-30 October 2010] Introducing We consume the West in all its manifestations. The West means many things to many people. Why study Europe (and the West)? Our sources about ourselves come from Europe and the West. Our history does not belong to us. As much as we want to produce history from our own perspective, it belongs to the Occidental world. We live in a Eurocentric world. Some years ago, I encountered a comment from journalist, editor and founder of the Indonesian opinion magazine, Tempo. Goenawan Mohamad 1 begins his essay by saying that the West always makes us disturbed. Placing ‘the West’ as an undefined area, Goenawan describes the West as Peopled by those who once colonized us, with a power that placed us formerly at their feet, that humiliated us, and that now remains something in which we can see our own reflection. We scrutinize ourselves before this mirror: are we smaller than they, larger then they?(2002: p. 27). I cite Goenawan as a prelude to framing Dr.Mahathir’s discourses on the West. Dr. Mahathir, like us, embraces and resists the West at the same time; but perhaps unlike many of us, Dr.Mahathir has been profound and consistent over the last 63 years. His has produced a discourse on the West at all levels – the policy, academic and popular. In fact, Dr. Mahathir’s discourses have helped re- defined the ‘West’ to Malaysia and the world. Dr. Mahathir was not the first to delve into the West. One early discourse in the Malay world, probably the earliest to be engaged with the West in the cultural and intellectual sense was 1 Goenawan Mohamad (2002). Conversations with difference: Essays from Tempo magazine. Jakarta: PT Tempo Inti Media. 449
The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi, mainly through his Hikayat Abdullah. Subsequently, in what can be seen as various forms of embrace and resistance to Europe and the West, we can identify such discourses by Syed Syaikh al-Hady in his various newspapers, especially al- Imam and discourses by Malay intellectuals from the 1930’s through the 1970’s such as Ibrahim Yaakob, Ishak haji Muhammad, Mustapha Hussein and Aziz Ishak. Also in the postcolonial period, and generally idenfitied as such, we find works producing such discourses about the West through Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, Syed Hussein Alatas, Osman Bakar and Chandra Muzaffar. If a convenient label is to be used on the engagement with the West, then, Occidentalism came into the nation’s consciousness through Dr. Mahathir’s presidential speech at the UMNO general assembly in 2003 titled ‘Future Threats.’ Suddenly the nation, if not the Malays, were told of the need and significance of knowing Europe and the European race for competitiveness and survival – and eventually putting ourselves on equal terms with the West. Until that time, Europe and the West were not in our intellectual agenda. European history and civilization were regarded as archaic and non-consumable knowledge – the terrain for the eccentric lone Malaysian scholar and intellectual. But since that speech, “Occidentalism” became a subject of awe and excitement, bringing to our intellectual shores the orientalism of Edward Said, and later that of Arab Occidentalist Hassan Hanafi. The spark incited by Dr. Mahathir led to the idea and initiative to establish an Occidental Studies outfit – different from that of European Studies, which has earlier been established at Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Malaya –in July 2003 when Universiti Kebangsaan submitted a proposal for the formation of the Institute of Occiddental Studies (with its Malay acronym IKON) to the Ministry of Education. On October 1, 2003, Occidental Studies in Malaysia, through IKON, was officially established. 2 It was a milestone in Malaysian intellectual history. Nevertheless there were voices cautioning against European bashing cognizant on Western hegemony and centuries of cultural and intellectual imperialism which has projected the European (and American) consciousness in thought and expression on the Other. There were apprehensions that the ‘Malaysian Occidentalism project’ would turn out to be a program for revenge in that it would produce Occidentalism and occidentalists. The sentiment is that Occidentlism is a derogatory word which smacks of a scandalized form of knowledge about the West. And many an academic have qualms over using the word ‘Occidentalism’ and ‘Occidentalist,’ even labels describing certain scholars as ‘occidentalists’ were deemed to be false and inaccurate. An unencumbered definition is that ‘Occidentalism’ is a discourse and a corpus about the West or the Occident produced by the non-Western world; and an ‘occidentalist’ is one who studies in the sense of investigating and revealing the Occident by developing a consciousness on that geographical and cultural spheres through intellectual production and consumption. 2 Six weeks later on November 18, IKON organized its first event – ‘Wacana Kajian Oksidental dan Penubuhan Institut Kajian Oksidental (IKON) UKM’ with speakers comprising Professor Shamsul Amri Baharuddin, the late Professor Syed Hussein Alatas, and myself, further setting the concept and the tone of Occidental Studies in Malaysia. 450
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