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The Asian Conference on Media & Mass Communication Osaka, Japan Dependent Variable: Participation Table 9: Estimated Marginals for Gender 95% Confidence Interval Gender Mean Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Female .220 .127 -.030 .470 Male .594 .153 .293 .895 Dependent Variable: Participation Table 10: Estimated Marginals for Online news websites 95% Confidence Interval Online news websites Mean Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Always .888 .205 .483 1.292 Often .513 .208 .104 .923 Sometimes .363 .155 .058 .668 Rarely .125 .172 -.213 .463 Never .146 .240 -.327 .619 Hasty Opinions None had effect on this third factor. Discussion Chinese youth who frequently use the new media (online news and blogs) for political news and information use it because of the ease of obtaining such information, and also for the diversity of viewpoints. Results indicate that Chinese youth with higher exposure to online news and discussion rooms are influenced by these media on their perception about political issues and political figures. This was evident in those who “always” access these two new media for political information and news. Findings also reveal that gender has an effect on the ability of the new media to influence the Chinese youth perception on political issues and political leaders. Male Chinese youth are more influenced by the new media in the shaping of their perception on political issues and political leaders as compared to females. This may be probable as male Chinese youth being more interested and knowledgeable in politics are more likely to be influenced than their females’ counterparts. The results also show that Chinese males have reduced consumption, reliance on the traditional media and are sceptical towards the traditional media in relation to political news and information content as compared to their female counterparts. Concerning the characteristics of the new media and its role in democracy, the results show that the new media is opening up a previously unavailable avenue for youth to exchange opinions on political issues, for those who want their voices to be heard. The new 565
The Asian Conference on Media & Mass Communication Osaka, Japan media has also brought correspondence to greater heights in terms of participation. Furthermore, those who accessed social network sites perceive the role of new media as being a platform for expression. The results suggest that gender and online news are significant for the factor of participation that touched on politics and thus may generate higher level of interest and engagement in politics. Chinese males (in comparison to females) view the new media as a platform for greater participation in politics and discussion as they may find it to be more exciting (feeling the sense of empowerment and attaining a form of recognition) when engaging in a discussion. Chinese youth who “always” access to the online news for political information and news also view the new media as a participatory tool that promotes more active participation in political issues as found by Calenda and Meijer (2007). All these show that new media has provided another platform to encourage more active participation from the citizens (in this case Chinese youth aged 20 to 24) in relation to political information and news. This is very important as one of the key criteria in democracy is the active participation of citizens, and the media as a participatory tool makes this more possible. Somehow, the terms used by Bobbio (1987,p.10), ‘substantial’ proportion of the people in democracy is challenged as the new media are only available to those who have the access, therefore the overall idea of democracy is hazy despite the active participation of those who have the access. Results also reveal that Chinese youth who are frequent users of the new media choose these new media to obtain political news and information as it convenient. This can be explained by the features equipped by new media which is fast, updated, and convenient, as political news and information can also be obtained from online news websites, blogs or mobile media (SMS). Furthermore, the information obtained from new media are also of greater variety in viewpoints and it is important to supply a variety of viewpoints to them to have a rational decision making (with more choices) in the democracy process. The new media also helps to allow them to be in contact with like-minded people, as what has been discussed in Louw (2005, p.31-35) that media in democracy also served as ‘public builders’, to form a social glue, constructing and holding together public opinion. Another probable aspect is that the new media may be amplifying the echo chamber effect. Further research would be required on this aspect. Therefore, the new media offers a unique dimension and platform as an alternative battlefield terrain to persuade current electorate and most importantly, to influence future voters that will ensure the preservation of democracy or its evolution. Limitations The study only looks at one of the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia – the Chinese youth. Two other main groups, the Malays and Indians are not included. To fully understand how the new media is shaping the political landscape and their perception on its role in democracy, all the main ethnic groups would have to be studied. A more comprehensive study encompassing all those aged 21 (or 20) to 40 would be appropriate across all three ethnic groups in Malaysia to truly reflect the new media impact in shaping their perception on political issues and the democracy process. 566
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