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The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan classification of whatever it is he is discussing. He is also concerned with evaluations, particularly positive evaluations (beautiful, finely, beauties), grading what he is talking about (first, principal), and drawing comparisons (likewise, same). Even what are at first blush unpromising functional keywords may tell us something about a writer’s style, although we need to be careful how we interpret our results. Which ranks second in the Addison keyword list. If we look at part of the concordance for this item, we see that in most of its uses which introduces a relative clause. ith Love And sweet Compliance, which declare unfeign'd Union ct of the Poem. His Discourse, which follows the gentle Rebu great Merit. The Thought with which he comforts the afflict haracter, whatever the Fate is which they undergo. There is Virtue, and losing the Fame of which he was possessed. Death eems apprehensive of the Evils which might befall the Specie y to the sum of earthly Bliss, Which I enjoy; and must confe inst it by timely Admonitions; which very artfully prepare t brings about that fatal Event which is the Subject of the P xt Book, where the Weakness of which Adam here gives such di Figure 1: Concordance for which (first ten lines) In fact, it has been remarked that a typical Addisonian sentence consists of a main clause followed by a relative (Lannering 1951, quoted in McIntosh 1998: 94), and here is concrete lexical evidence for that assertion. The keyness of the determiners the and those warrants a word of caution when looking for an explanation, and reminds us that the interpretation of our results depends very much on the contents of the reference corpus which we are using as our standard of comparison. Biber et al. (1999: 267-268) point out that the increases in frequency in comparison as we move from less formal spoken contexts to more formal written contexts such as academic prose. According to the table that Biber et al. provide in their grammar, in conversation the frequency of the is just under 20,000 per million words, whereas in academic writing it climbs to about 55,000. The frequency for the use of the in the Addison corpus is around 60,000, perhaps indicating a formal style. Of course, standard frequencies for the twentieth century and those for eighteenth century prose may be different, so any absolute indication of level of formality is impossible to draw. 333
The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan However, in the present study, which compares Addison’s essays with those of the other Spectator contributors, we can at least go as far as to say that the keyness of the may suggest a relatively more formal style of expression for Addison over his fellow writers. 3.2 Keywords in Steele The procedure for obtaining keywords for Steele was identical to that described above, except that the Steele subcorpus was compared with a combination of the wordlists generated from Addison.txt and Others.txt. Table 4 shows the semantic groupings for the 53 (out of 69) Steele keywords that could be assigned to patterns, and Table 5 the top ten keywords ranked according to keyness. Pattern (number of items) Realizations Names (6) Pharamond, Eucrate, Miller, Buck, Alexandrinus, Rhynsault Life in society (13) company, favour, service, power, glory, merit, worthy, kindness, gallantry, gentleman, prince, officer, condition People (8) man, fellow, men, gentleman, prince, officer, people, crowds <strong>Person</strong>al pronouns and possessives (5) you, he, she, her, your Mental processes and objects (5) imaginable, methinks, know, ability, ambition Modals (3) can, will, should Evaluatives (3) good, agreeable, honest Emotions (3) sorrow, shame, negligent Places (2) town, court Communication (2) say, said Copula (2) is, be Quantifiers (2) all, any Time (2) ever, youth Table 4: Keyword patterns - Steele No. Keyword Frequency Keyness Score No. Keyword Frequency Keyness Score 1. you 477 413.45 6. Pharamond 36 87.65 334
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