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The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan disaster. When the international communication network involves just a few countries, the peripheral ones are largely out of the loop. In other words, if a country is more peripheral, the quantity of news coverage is lower. So, in this situation, news is more deviant, and the quantity of news coverage is higher. Similarly, this study examines how news media differently covered the countries that participated in the 2010 South Africa World Cup soccer games, based on Wallenstein’s world system theory with World Cup news provided by FIFA.com. The FIFA.com is fair and has an efficient study sample for collecting World Cup news. Also, it can show how the quantity of World Cup news and significance and their interaction differently appear. If we presumed through a previous study, we would assume that the number of core countries' news coverage is high without emphasizing on soccer games itself. Semiperiphery and periphery countries’ news should emphasize soccer games, so their news coverage will increase, because the interest of the semi-periphery or periphery is lower than the core. Therefore, we proposed the research questions and hypotheses mentioned below. RQ2: Is there the correlation between the soccer significance and the prominence (frequency and volume), of participants in each cluster? METHODOLOGY To confirm the research questions and hypotheses proposed above, this study initiated a two-step cluster analysis, a content analysis, and an independent t-Test to confirm Question 1 and Hypothesis 1. Then it conducts a correlation analysis to confirm Question 2. Secondary Data Analysis a. Classification of Participants in the 2010 FIFA World Cup This study classifies participating national teams through three international credible indexes: ‘Global Peace Index (GPI)’ reported by ‘Economist Intelligence Unit’, ‘Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)’ reported by ‘World Economic Forum’ and ‘CIA World Factbook’ (see table 1). These refer to the military force, the economic power, and the diplomatic power of each participant. According to previous studies on World System Theory (Wallerstein, 1974, 1979, 1996; Chase-Dunn, Kawano, & Brewer, 2000), countries in the world belong to three strata: core, semi-periphery, and periphery through mainly political and economic standards. Specifically, the military force is operationalized by two items: Military capability/sophistication and export of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people of GPI. The economic power is operationalized by the overall points of GCI, and diplomatic power is operated by one item: International Organization Participation of CIA World Factbook. All secondary data are up-to-date and gathered before the beginning of the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa. Table 1. Secondary data for classification 383
The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan Index Indicator Global Competitiveness Index a (Economic Power) Global Peace Index b (Military Force) · Institutions · Infrastructure · Macroeconomic environment · Health and primary education · Higher education and training · Goods market efficiency · Labor market efficiency · Financial market development · Technological readiness · Market size · Business sophistication · Innovation · Military capability/sophistication · Export of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people CIA World Factbook c · International Organization Participation (Diplomatic Power) *Source: a. http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm b. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/scor c. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html b. Soccer Significance: ‘The value of teams in World Cup 2010’ Soccer Significance refers to the financial value of each participant. The athletic significance of each participant is operationally defined as the sum of the 25 players’ value evaluated by ‘FutebalFinance,’ a marketing organization in Portugal (see table 2). According to this agency, the worth of each player was assessed by “consulting several FIFA officials and agencies, and diverse business of scouting.” This data consisted of not only the sum of the players’ salary, but also other economic values such as their transfer fee. This was reported on December 7, 2009. Table 2. Secondary data for Soccer Significance Group A Group B Group C Group D South Africa 35 M € Argentina 390 M € England 440 M € Germany 305 M € Mexico 95 M € Nigeria 115 M € USA 55 M € Australia 40 M € Uruguay 145 M € South Korea 50 M € Algeria 55 M € Serbia 185 M € France 450 M € Greece 100 M € Slovenia 45 M € Ghana 115 M € Group E Group F Group G Group H Netherlands 280 M € Italy 400 M € Brazil 515 M € Spain 565 M € Denmark 85 M € Paraguay 90 M € North Korea 15 M € Switzerland 115 M € Japan 70 M € New 15 M € Ivory Coast 180 M € Honduras 45 M € Zealand Cameroon 140 M € Slovakia 70 M € Portugal 340 M € Chile 85 M € *Source: http://www.futebolfinance.com/en/o-valor-das-seleccoes-no-mundial-fifa-2010 Content Analysis: The prominence of 2010 FIFA World Cup News This study employs a content variable—the prominence of “Latest News” at the official site of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Prominence refers to how the 32 participating countries were prioritized in the reports of the “Latest News” section. The methods to quantify prominence have been reported in various studies. According to Hilgartner and Bosk (1988), the prominence of a participant in newspapers or magazines is evaluated by three dimensions: a) the area of the related issues b) the 384
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