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The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan The Decline of Pakistani Cinema: The Government, Pakistan Electronic Media Authority (PEMRA), and the Interjection of VCRs, Pirated DVDs, and Cable Channels Wajiha Raza Rizvi Institute of Communication Studies, <strong>University</strong> of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The film eras of Lahore, the Lollywood, are clearly divided into three: silent films from 1924 to 1934, Black & White (B&W) talkies from 1932 to 1970, and color 1961 onwards. The cinema that survived the 1947-Partition of Pakistan and India was fully matured by the 70s despite the stealing of its talent and intellect by television in the 60s. It is perceived that Zia’s Islamization shied the audience away from entertainment in the 70s. However, a process of decay and decline began with the interjection of VCRs, pirated DVDs, and cable TV channels in the 80s and 90s. The illegal broadcasting of foreign films maximized the pace of the decline because of Musharraf’s tremendous expansion of the electronic media at the advent of the new millennium. The audience no longer wishes to compromise the comfort of home viewing of the latest Indian and American blockbusters at minimal costs. The revival awaits the enforcement of the intellectual property rights and governmental support for the production of popular commercial and parallel films that mark the audience division in Pakistan. The low audience turnover has caused a steep decline of the cinema industry as compared to the past decades. ‘ Fig. 1a Annual film production under different forms of state power, 1947-2010 Governor-Generals: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Ghulam Muhammad, Maj. Gen. Sahibzada Sayyed Sikander Ali Mirza. Presidents: Maj. Gen. Sahibzada Sayyed Sikander Ali M trip irza, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Muhammad Rafiq Tarar... Chief Martial Law Administrators/Presidents: Field Martial Muhammad Ayub Khan, General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, General Pervez Musharraf. (Semi)martial law regimes: General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, General Pervez Musharraf. Parliamentarian Prime Ministers: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto, Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif... 29
The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan Fig. 1b Film during presidential, parliamentary, and (semi)martial law regimes The decades reflect a cinema that has survived without the state sponsorship for over half a century (Fig. 1a & Fig. 1b). Although the first one thousand post-Partition films were produced in about 25 years (1947-1972), the Pakistani cinema excelled tremendously over the ten years that followed (Fig. 2). In the second decade, during General Ayub’s martial law regime (1958- 1969), the average annual film production rate was increased from approximately 11 to 48 per year. These figures were maintained at nearly double in the following years except the new millennium. Ironically, the highest numbers of annual films, about a 100 per year, were produced during the martial law regime of a legally declared traitor, General Yahya Khan and the postwar period of the executed President cum Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Despite the prisoners of war (POW) crisis of 1971-72 that marks the beginning of the Bhutto’s period, the average annual film production rate sustained at 114 films till his decline. This increase was compromised to 79% (about 90 films per year) during General Zia’s (semi)martial law regime, and Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz’s democracies under Ishaq and Laghari, but was further reduced to 50% during Tarrar/Nawaz and Musharraf’s periods (Rizvi, 2008; Garija, ca. 2003; Gul, 2001; Slote, ca. 1987). 30
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