(Person) Percentage - Sabanci University Research Database

The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan
countries have intermediate degree of development and dimension (Brazil, Mexico,
India, Taiwan, Korea). Gradually, the core-periphery hierarchy became stable, and
most of the countries maintained a relative status. But there exist a few cases of
upward and downward mobility within the structure. Maybe the United States is the
most dramatic example of the upward economic degree (Chase-Dunn, Kawano &
Brewer, 2000).
Wallerstein (1976) characterized that on the political side. Core countries tend to
pursue a class and dominate other countries to stay predominant, but because the skill
is developing constantly, it is temporary and possible to change.
On the economic side, he emphasized the importance of economic labor distribution
in basic exchange of food except for luxury. However, Schneider (1977) and other
anthropologists (Frank & Gills, 1993) used importantly the exchange of luxury. So,
they extended the economic side in world system. Chase-Dunn & Hall (1993)
extended it further and used communication significantly in trade, welfare, and
intermarriage.
Also, Strang (1990) included the parts developed by global culture or the process of
world culture formation (Cha, 1991, McNeely, 1993) that scholars have accepted in
the political side. And Firebaugh (1992) used a negative impact of GNP per nation
during a year and the negative coefficient of the measure of investment dependence
(PEN) in the economical side. In addition, he emphasized the common denominator
of investment rating through the stock measures.
Meanwhile, Chase-Dunn, Kawano & Brewer (2000) also used GDP for searching the
worldwide economic indicators. They mentioned that GDP is a great indicator for
searching the economic output and the degree of the trade.
The standard of international coverage and the sports journalism
After World WarⅡ, since 1953, empirical and positive studies about news flow
appeared. In 1960, Schramn (1964) published an international news flow. He insisted
that the interest about international news is led by four countries—the United States,
the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France—and news flowed from developed
countries to developing countries. Also, the four powerful countries are the stronghold
of news agencies. Although they experienced difficulties, the four powerful countries
have dominated the international news flow, and they pointed out that there is a
problem with little news coming from less powerful countries while there are plenty
of news from powerful countries. Especially, Schramn (1964) concluded that the news
flow among the countries has affected an institution's ownership such as news agency,
an ownership of long-distance correspondence facilities, a fortune of developed
countries, and the concentration of technologies. These studies are focused empirically
and positively that international news flows to small states from powerful countries
unilaterally, and revealed that there are four news agencies in the center of the flow.
Determinants of international news are divided into national factors,
cultural/geographical proximity, deviance and social significance through the worthiness
of news. And writing and presenting of international news is affected by a personal
psychological factor such as the journalists' personal taste, and an organizational factor
like rules of a company (Chu, 2009). For example, Wanta, Golan, & Lee (2004)
researched the relation of the news setting and international news through the impact
of media about the public awareness of international news. So, they found that the
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