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The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan severe economic recession since 2000 which has led to a serious slip of commercial profits for all news media. Newspapers are in an even more serious situation among all media due to the challenge of broadcasting and the emergence of Internet media. From the perspective of most newspapers, ‘being digital and convergent’ are two strategies to save their decreasing circulation. One the one hand, digitizing news content enables newspapers to provide content for the online environment and to integrate multimedia stories to attract young consumers to read them. On the other hand, the process of integration of different media formats means that the companies are able to reduce their labor costs. Via interviewing and observing journalists’ and editors’ work, I found that Taiwan’s media convergence in the press industries is centered on three major types of newsroom convergence: (1) the single integrated newsroom; (2) the coordination and cooperation newsroom; and (3) the big-platform newsroom. The different models of newsroom convergence influence the journalists’ and editors’ daily production practices. 1. Everyday production practices in the single integrating newsroom The first type of newsroom convergence identified here is the single integrating newsroom. In this independent newsroom, integrated news production is principally produced by an individual journalist or editor, which means that all news workers in this single convergent newsroom need to possess multiple-skills. Domigo et, al. (2007) indicates that this kind of convergence in fact links to a redefinition of professional roles, technological innovation and the development of new news formats and languages. In the integrated newsroom, technology learning seems to be one of the issues studied by media scholars (Deuze, 2008; Klinenberg, 2005). However, most news workers I interviewed show a positive attitude toward technologies learning. For example, one journalist who covers economic news indicates that learning new skills increase his ‘capital,’ so he does not reject new technologies (Respondent A, male, journalist from the United Daily). The critical questions about new technologies and journalism practice in a convergent newsroom lie on two dimensions. The first one is the difficulty of combining and managing different narratives and languages brought by various new technologies 305
The Asian Media & Mass Communication Conference 2010 Osaka, Japan when it is applied to news production and related practices. In my interview, many news workers showed their concerns about the issue because they think that it was hard to shift from one product culture (usually the newspaper culture) to another (e.g. television news culture). Even though the news workers in a single convergent newsroom have been trained and have learned multiple skills, they still have conflicts as to which content should be the first priority in their practical practices. For example, one photo journalist, who was also asked to shoot video, informed me that the principle of taking photo news and video news are slightly different although people think they are doing almost the same job. For him, a good news photo needs to capture the critical moment of a news event, but the video news tends to more likely emphasize on the motion aspect of the event. The photo journalist says: I do not have time to take video and take photos simultaneously, so if I focus on taking video, I usually lose a critical moment for my photo. I know some news companies which capture photos from their videos, but I think this is not the same as taking a photo (Respondent E, male, photo journalist from the Liberty Times). The second question about technology-learning in a single integrated newsroom is that some news workers worry that their workload might be increased when they know how to use everything. For example, one online news journalist said to me that she does want to learn so many skills because she will be asked to do more jobs when she knows how to use more technology. (Respondent H, female, journalists from ETtoday.com). Due to this reason, some news workers show a negative attitude about learning technologies. This will be further discussed later. Convergence, news flow and the daily working circle For most of the newspapers in Taiwan, a web-based space is their major platform for presenting the convergent news content and products. Almost all of the newspapers in Taiwan have launched their online versions, and some are web-only newspapers – newspapers which do not produce a printed version and can only be accessed online, and others are subordinate products for their original news media. That is, all news content on these websites is captured from their original media and the website does not produce any new stories. No matter what kinds of online news websites there are, the product circle and news flow are different between the printed and online news. 306
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