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152 P. F. Lazarsfeld
fects the results of experiments and surveys. We need repetition of the same
studies in many countries as well as new work growing out of specific national
situations. Fortunately a good beginning is already being made as can be seen
by the review of Tajfel, a British contributor to the new Handbook of Social
Psychology.z~I As an American member of an International Committee I am
pleased that the Marshall Plan of sociologically-oriented social psychology has
made its contribution. Still, one does need not to be a Gaullist to hope that its
days are gone and that we can anticipate the rise of sovereign national groups,
each striving in its own way toward a common goal.
NOTES
I. Writers on the history of sociology scarcely mention the flowering of ‘enquetes’
before Americans began to engage in such work. Only recently has Raymond
Aron raised the question of why men like Quetelet and Le Play have been neglected
as compared to Montesquieu and Comte.
2. The literature on this first phase is rapidly growing. See H. RIGAUDIAS-WEISS,
Les Enqu2tes Ouvri2res en France entre 1830 et 1848, Paris, Librarie Felix Alcan,
1936; and A. OBERSHALL, Empirical Research in Germany 1870-1914, Amsterdam,
1966.
3. A similar threefold division of sociological work has been used by other authors.
Thus, Girod distinguishes general theory, concrete research studies and what he
calls typological analysis of social systems. The latter is a special case of Toennies’
application of theoretical ideas to broad social phenomena. LBvi-Strauss
distinguishes three phases of anthropological work: ethnography, ethnology and
social or cultural anthropology. The first is descriptive, the second, a first step
towards theory, the third, systematic synthesis. This is Toennies in reverse.
4. W. S. LANDECKER, ‘Types of Integration and Their Measurement’, American Journal
of Sociology 56 (4, 1951, p. 332.
5. In a more detailed discussion the problem of construct validity would have to be
raised here. It has however no bearing on the following themes.
6. What can be done is to clarify the procedures involved. A larger number of mathematical
models have been developed to this end, especially to clarify the fourth
step, the combination of indicators. They are discussed in Chapter VIII (‘Mathematical
Models and Methods’) of the present study.
7. M. ROSENBERG, Society and the Adolescent Selj-Image, Princeton, Princeton
University Press, 1965.
8. G. ANDR~EVA, ‘L‘homme analyse par la sociologie’, in: Lu Sociologie en URSS
(Rapports des membres de la delegation soviktique au we Congrks international
de Sociologie), Moscow, Editions du ProgrBs, 1966, pp. 49-62.
9. The Academic Mind (with Wagner Thielens, Jr.), Glencoe (Ill.), The Free Press,
1958.
IO. In this discussion, it is irrelevant to describe the way in which these two scales
were constructed.
11. Here I do not include comparative studies based on large international data banks
which are covered in Chapter x (‘Cross-cultural, Cross-societal and Crossnational
Research’) of the present study. Macrosociological authors deal with a
small number of cases and their emphasis is on many qualitative details. Still it
is difficult to draw boundaries. Eisenstadt had sufficient historical bureaucratic
studies to present actual numerical tabulations; Etzioni deals only with four cases
but he presents propositions in quasi-quantitative language. Nevertheless, their
emphasis is so strongly on interpretation that they have been included in this
review.