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716 Eric Trist Private sources of research support 39. A unique source of research support outside the Federal Government is provided by the internal funds of universities. State universities, even when large and prominent such as the University of California, are badly placed in this respect compared with older private universities. Through endowments, gifts, alumni subscriptions, the patronage of founders and ownership of land as well as overheads claimed on contract work (especially from the Government), the more eminent of these institutions have built up through the years considerable funds which enable them to take independent initiatives in social research, among their many fields of interest. The largest proportion of these funds provides ‘enabling conditions’ - buildings, equipment, computer time, research assistants and secretaries. They permit additional faculty appointments including research chairs. They support doctoral candidates. Internal funds are also used to foster exploratory work and sometimes to launch a substantial endeavour in a new field. Whatever is ‘separately budgeted’ amounted to $47 M. for social research in 1967.23 But adding the conventional ‘113’ from ordinary departmental expenditures including faculty time, then $200 M. or even $300 M. might rather represent the combined value of direct and indirect contributions. 40. Business enterprises belonging to the science-based industries support social research on a considerable scale, estimated at $289 M. for 1967.23 Apart from in-house facilities they commission projects with independent institutes and universities. Most of these tend to be of the specifically applied kind but some endeavours have been broadly innovative. A great deal of the work in organizational development which has changed the face of organization theory has been initiated by pioneer firms in collaboration with behavioural scientists in business schools. Long-range planning as a field of study has been developed in the United States at the prompting of business. The broad social philosophy spreading among leading enterprises as their activities become increasingly enmeshed with the other sectors of society and with other countries is inclining them to regard many fields of social research other than the economic as pertinent to their interests. 41. Private foundations represent another independent influence in American education, welfare, science and culture. As the first table on p. 717 shows, science comes towards the lower end of the list which describes their fields of interest. Nevertheless, the relation of foundations to social research is complex. All their major fields of interest touch upon it. Their influence is greater than their financial contribution ($24 M. for 196723). 42. Within their scientific list, as the next table indicates, the life sciences come first, because of a persisting concern with medical research. The social sciences come second. The physical sciences receive little support, the belief being current that their needs are met from other sources. Among the social sciences the order of preference is different from either the university or the federal order. The emphasis on law and government is recent. It represents an effort to foster work in neglected fields. 43. American foundations have played a critical role in promoting social research outside the United States, in Europe and in the developing world.
The organization andfinancing of research 717 UNITED STATES. Grants of foundations by major fields and size of foundation (1966) (in $ millions -percentages given in brackets) Fields Number of foundations 237 1,227 5,339 I0,500 17,303 large inter- small very total mediate small Education 282 (37) 77 (33) Welfare International 76 (10) 54 (23) activities 160 (21) 5 (2) Health 84 (11) 42 (18) Sciences 99 (13) 16 (7) Religion 23 (3) 21 (9) Humanities 38 (5) 19 (8) Total 762 (61) 234 (19) ASSETS: Large - $IO million or more lntermediate - $1-10 million Based on the Foundation Directory.” UNITED STATES. Foundation grants for sciences (1966) (in 8 thousands) Category No. of No. of Amount Per cent foundations grants of sciences Life sciences Medical research Cons er v a t i o n Biology Agriculture Social sciences Law Government Economics Sociology Business and labour Psychology Anthropology Physical sciences General Chemistry Engineering Astronomy and space Physics Mathematics Earth sciences Total 68 22 28 22 - 124 t 33 30 I4 IO 33 9 I - IO1 t 20 9 8 4 8 6 3 - 43 t 229 1- Nonduplicating total. Based on the Foundation Directory.” I33 37 35 26 - 231 42 53 33 17 52 17 I 215 - 27 19 15 6 I1 6 - 87 533 29,551 39759 3,055 2,074 38,439 8,549 6,828 3,414 2,562 2,48 I 1,549 170 259553 1,579 928 916 521 495 379 38 4,856 68,848 43 6 4 3 - 56 I2 IO 5 4 4 2 - 37 - 2 I I I I I - 7 - IO0
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Main trends of research in the soci
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The following disciplines and areas
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Nu
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VI Table of confents CHAPTER m Psyc
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Preface When, at the end of 1962, t
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Preface XI ing out the project and,
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Preface XIII on the heavy responsib
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Preface xv development, fruitfulnes
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Preface xvu understanding, respect
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ANNEX I Non-governmental organizati
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Canagaratnam, P. Caruso, I. Casimir
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Kirschen, E.S. Klaff, H. Koniis, A.
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Schmitz, A. Schnubnell, H. Schnur,
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ANNEX III Extended panel of consult
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xxx Samy Friedman of major trends e
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XXXII Sarny Friedman ‘schools’
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XXXIV Samy Friedman conservatism) i
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XXXVI Samy Friedman only hypotheses
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XXXVIII Samy Friedman is that of th
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XL Samy Friedman and endeavours to
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XLII Samy Friedman era1 description
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XLW Samy Friedman rightly considers
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XLVI Samy Friedman States of Americ
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INTRODUCTION The place of the scien
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The place of the sciences of man in
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Tle place of the sciences of man in
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Theplace of the sciences of man in
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n e place of the sciences of man in
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llaeplace of the sciences of man in
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me place of the sciences of man in
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m e place of the sciences of man in
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Theplace of the sciences of man in
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CHAPTER I Sociology P. F. LAZARSFEL
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Sociology 63 development. The very
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Sociology 65 survey was undertaken
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Sociology 67 I. Imagery. The though
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Sociology 69 voting turnout than wo
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Sociology 71 wise. Similarly, in th
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Sociology 73 the conduct of its mem
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Sociology 75 writers like Max Weber
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Sociology 77 were the background ag
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Sociology 79 in England has objecti
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Sociology 81 about students who hav
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Sociology 83 leadership is romantic
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Sociology 85 the school system. Par
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Sociology 87 specific cases. Early
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sociology 89 stand the methods by w
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Sociology 91 written text, the size
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Sociology 93 While the idea of role
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Sociology 95 c. Communist countries
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Sociology 97 the sole purpose of in
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He puts his argument as follows: So
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Sociology IOI way, as a directive t
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Sociology 103 sociologists which th
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Sociology 105 ing of values, social
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Sociology 107 g le~els.~9 Others de
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Sociology I 09 But what if the dist
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Sociology I I I In a way, Gouldner
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Sociology I I 3 look at them as iso
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Sociology I I 5 invectives multipli
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Sociology I 17 3. L'ambiguite'diale
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IV. NATIONAL VARIATIONS IN SOCIOLOG
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Sociology I 2 I In developed countr
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Sociology 123 both rapid and uneven
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Sociology 125 So far as East Pakist
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Sociology 127 Latino-americana de C
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Sociology I 29 training exists to p
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Sociology I 3 I The language of soc
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Sociology 133 application. For one,
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Sociology 135 ‘marginal men’ we
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Sociology 137 hensive volumes. New
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Sociology 139 carries about with hi
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Sociology 141 answers to themselves
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Sociology 143 probably become the m
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Sociology I 45 learning by reinforc
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Sociology 147 riage is bound to be
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Sociology 149 tried to get away fro
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Sociology I 5 I the average, these
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Sociology 153 12. Runciman’s chap
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Sociology 155 manism), Moscow, ‘P
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Sociology 157 dealing simultaneousl
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Sociology I 59 Siebeck), 1967; A. L
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Sociology 161 in: Contemporary Soci
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Sociology 163 I 81. A. PAPANASTASIO
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Sociology I 65 230. G. A. DE Vos,
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Political science 167 2. Objectivit
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Political science 169 specializatio
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Political science 171 4. It should
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Political science 173 law and histo
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Political science 1-75 This certain
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Political science I 77 Can one clai
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Political science 179 4. Recent cha
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Political science 181 I. The United
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Political science I 83 3. The Europ
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Political science I 85 culture, now
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Political science 187 regognizable
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Political science I 89 b. Partial t
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Political science 191 2. Area studi
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Political science 193 financial and
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Political science 195 relation with
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Political science 197 competition i
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Political science 199 This is undou
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Political science 201 different ter
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Political science 203 ‘guided dem
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Political science 205 than to resea
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Political science 207 Summary. As f
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Political science 209 means limited
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Political science 21 I effort has b
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Political science 213 eighteenth ce
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Political science 21 5 the work don
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Political science 217 6. Constituti
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Political science 219 our unit of i
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Political science 22 I b. Partial t
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Political science 223 SPIRO, World
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CHAPTER III Psychology JEAN PIAGET
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Psychology 227 the general acceptan
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Psychology 229 from the same view-p
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Psychology 23 I organism to a ‘bl
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PSyChdOgJ’ 233 choice of inputs s
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3. The organicist trend and the rel
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Psychology 237 Lastly, with Fessard
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Psychology 239 derived from heredit
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Psychology 241 the matter of percep
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Psychology 243 common to all indivi
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Psychology 245 11. Before giving an
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Psychology 247 H. Sinclair was able
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Psychology 249 I. In order to under
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Psychology 251 It soon becomes evid
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Psychology 253 ice of a new goal, o
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Psychology 255 ly valid; thus in se
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PSYChOlOgy 257 nothing more than th
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Psychology 259 ed by a second gener
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Psychology 261 said ‘All right, b
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Psychology 263 cence. We had to wai
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Psychology 265 This being the case,
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Psychology 267 relations between pr
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Psychology 269 means of new combina
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Psychology 2 7 I or logical truth i
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Psychology 273 of physics theories
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Psychology 275 of psychology would
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Psychology 277 deaf and dumb, and b
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Psychology 279 ties of a discipline
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Psychology 28 I Gestalt psychologis
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CHAPTER IV Economics INTRODUCTION T
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Economics 285 proved to be so intri
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Economics 287 ic analysis. The depr
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Economics 289 mies as socialism or
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Economics 29 I value. They also res
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Economics 293 in economics against
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Economics 295 There is a great cont
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Economics 297 of economics from soc
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Economics 299 education which the s
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Economics 301 nomics, or to any oth
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Economics 303 fact that the scope a
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Economics 305 The situation in macr
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Economics 307 But how are the accou
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Economics 309 the three, as the cla
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Economics 3 I I tation with reality
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Economics 3 I 3 Account must be tak
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Economics 3 15 and in the long run,
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Economics 3 I 7 to imagine that it
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Economics 3 19 ditional’ and ‘m
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Economics 3 2 I games, the theory o
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Economics 323 the investigation of
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Economics 325 amounts to the same t
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Economics 327 and so on, are assume
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Economics 329 Against this backgrou
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Economics 33 I regularities which r
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Economics 333 distribution is large
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D. Problems of economic planning Ec
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Economics 337 be no active control
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Economics 339 longer any doctrinal
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Economics 341 the sense of being de
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Economics 343 to take an example -
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Economics 345 that he is influenced
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Economics 347 entitled ‘Quantitat
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Economics 349 and 0. HIRSCHMAN. We
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CHAPTER V Demography JEAN BOURGEOIS
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Demography 353 graphic research. It
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Demography 355 accumulation; so muc
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Demography 357 return to this quest
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Demography 359 18. It is believed t
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Demography 361 societies reduce fer
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Demography 363 between the individu
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Demography 365 by biological and so
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Demography 367 hasten to indicate t
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Demography 369 From a consideration
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Demography 371 count, and this brin
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Capital income 61. The income from
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Demography 375 value of such margin
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Demography 311 ulation ill adapted
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Demography 379 electronic computers
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Demography 381 The new audio-visual
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Demography 383 the social group, an
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Demography 385 going to lead us, bu
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Demography 387 body. The increasing
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Demography 389 - the Milbank Memori
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Demography 391 We have already said
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Demography 393 Conference which out
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Demography 395 129. Again in the Un
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Demography 397 b. It has drawn up a
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Demography 399 Let us take the case
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Demography 401 size of family, rura
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Demography 403 155. The Office of P
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Demography 405 population, ‘quasi
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Demography 407 173. This practical
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Demography 409 electronic computers
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Demography 41 I R. COOK, ‘Lethal
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Demography 413 J. R. SEAGRAVE, ‘A
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Demography 415 H. HYRENIUS and I. A
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Demography 417 143. J. MAGAUD, ‘E
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CHAPTER V1 Linguistics ROMAN JAKOBS
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Linguistics 421 of natural sciences
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Linguistics 423 pointed to the deci
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Linguistics 425 various hybrid form
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Linguistics 427 phenomena it functi
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Linguistics 429 many of these topic
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Linguistics 43 I sociocultural prob
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Linguistics 433 results of this lin
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Linguistics 435 Also in the child
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Linguistics 437 ‘The adaptive nat
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Linguistics 439 sequences are equat
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Linguistics 441 him and his discipl
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Linguistics 443 anticipatory model
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Linguistics 445 ful units, namely m
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Linguistics 447 guists, nevertheles
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Linguistics 449 39. DEVORE, I., (ed
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Linguistics 45 I rr4. MACKAY, D. M.
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Linguistics 453 183. WAISMANN, F.,
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Linguistics 455 n’est ni l’agrk
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Linguistics 457 Kruszewski; but in
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Linguistics 459 Saussure followed K
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Linguistics 461 languages of the wo
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Linguistics 463 REVZIN, I. and J. R
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CHAPTER VII General problems of int
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General problems of interdisciplina
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General problem of interdisciplinar
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CHAPTER VI11 Mathematical models an
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Mathematical models and methods 531
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Problem-focused research 579 shall
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Problem-focused research 581 The de
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Problem-focused research 583 ceptio
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Problem-focused research 585 cases
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Problem- focused research 5 87 work
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Problem- focused research 5 89 ence
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Problem-focused research 591 invest
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Problem-focused research 593 ... Th
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Problem-focused research 595 Scienc
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Problem-focused research 597 Howeve
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Problem-focused research 599 In ord
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Problem-focused research 601 to pav
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Problem-focused research 603 An exa
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Problem-focused research 605 I. App
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Problem-focused research 607 been a
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Problem-focused research 609 There
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Problem-focused research 61 I again
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Problem-focused research 613 of met
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Problem-focused research 615 the di
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Problem-focused research 617 of del
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Problem-focused research 619 contra
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Problem-focused research 621 field
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Problem-focused research 623 psycho
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Problem-focused research 625 words,
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Problem-focused research 627 There
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Problem-focused research 629 level,
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Problem-focused research 63 I It is
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Problem-focused research 633 buildi
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Problem-focused research 635 method
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Problem-focused research 637 to a g
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Problem-focused research 639 might
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Problem-focused research 641 P. G.
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Problem-focused research 643 gkogra
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CHAPTER X Cr oss-cultur al, cross-
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Cross-cultural, cross-societal and
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N N Cross-cultural, cross-societal
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Vm. DESCRIBING THE RESOURCE BASE Th
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8 14 Subject index and sociology, 6
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816 Subject index Law, scientific,
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818 Subject index and economics, XX
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