Main trends of research in the social and human ... - unesdoc - Unesco

Cross-cultural, cross-societal and cross-national research 685
subsequent analyses: cf. 0. LEWIS, ‘Comparisons in Cultural Anthropology’, pp.
259-292 in: W. L. THOMAS, Jr., Current Anthropology, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago
Press, 1956, and W. J. MCEWEN, ‘Forms and Problems of Validation in Social
Anthropology’, Current Anthropology 4 (2), 1963, pp. 155-183.
27. A pioneering attempt to apply HRaF-type techniques to national polities rather than
societies is A. BANKS and R. TEXTOR, A Cross-Polity Survey, op. cit.
28. For discussions of the potentialities and the problems of comparative history see
M. BLOCH, ‘Pour une histoire comparke des soci&s europkennes’, orig. published
in 1928, repr. in Mdlanges historiques, Paris, s.E.v.P.E.N., 1968, vol. I, pp. 16-40;
S. THRUPP, ‘The Role of Comparison in the Development of Economic History,’
Journal of Economic History 17 (4, Dec. 1957; F. REDLICH, ‘Toward Comparative
Historiography’, Kyklos 11, 1958, pp. 362-389; and D. GERHARD, AIte und nene
Wege der vergleichenden Geschichtsbetrachtung, Gottingen, Vanderhoeck, 1960.
S. THRUPP has made a pioneering effort to develop regular exchanges among
historians and social scientists interested in cross-national analyses through the
organization of the important international journal Comparative Studies in Society
and History.
29. S. N. EISENSTADT, The Political Systems of Empires, New York, Free Press, 1963.
30. R. BENDIX, Nation-Building and Citizenship, New York, Wiley, 1964.
31. B. MOORE, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Boston, Beacon Press,
1966.
32. S. M. LIPSET, Political Man, Garden City, Doubleday, 1960, and The First
New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective,
New York, Basic Books, 1963 ; cf. also the historically oriented comparisons
in S. M. LIPSET and S. ROKKAN, ‘Cleavage Structure, Party Systems and
Voter Alignments: An Introduction’, in: S. M. LIPSET and S. ROKKAN (eds.),
Party System and Voter Alignments, New York, Free Press, 1967.
33. The sheer mass of documentation produced by these efforts is overwhelming. A
basic list of references to proposed standards is given in: Statistical Office of the
UN., Directory of International Standards for Statistics, New York, United Nations,
Stat. Ser. M. No. 22, Rev. I, 1960. This, however, gives little or no information on
the concrete contents of the standards or on problems of applications. For further
details on UN statistical efforts see the chapter by D. N. MCGRANAHAN in: R. L.
MERRITT and S. ROKKAN, (eds.), Comparing Nations, op. cit.
34. P. A. SOROKIN, Social Mobility, London, Harper, 1927, reprinted at Glencoe, The
Free Press, 1959.
35. S. M. MILLER, ‘Comparative Social Mobility’, Current Sociology 9 (I), 1961, pp.
1-89; D. V. GLASS and R. KONIG, Soziale Schichtung undsoziale Mobilitat, Cologne,
Westdeutscher Verlag, 1961 ; and the literature listed in S. ROKKAN et al., Comparafive
Survey Analysis, op. cif. For a full bibliography of efforts of comparative
analysis in other fields of sociology see D. C. MARSH, Comparative Sociology, op. cit.
36. An excellent source book on such indicators is N. GINSBURG’S Atlas of Economic
Development, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1961 ; this also includes an
example (by B. J. C. BERRY) of one type of correlational analysis now made possible
on the basis of such data.
37. The International Population and Urban Research Program at Berkeley has developed
a systematic file of information on all of the world’s cities and metropolitan
areas of IOO,OOO inhabitants or more; cf. International Urban Research, The World‘s
Metropolitan Areas, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1959.
38. See K. DEUTSCH, ‘Toward an Inventory of Basic Trends and Patterns in Comparative
and International Politics’, American Political Science Review 54 (I), 1960,
pp. 34-57; B. RUSSETT et al., World Handbook, op. cit.; and R. L. MERRITT and
S. ROKKAN (eds.), Comparing Nations, op. cit.
39. This is the essential rationale for the plan now under consideration within UNESCO
for a series of International Guides to Data for Comparative Research. The first of
these, the International Guide to Electoral Statistics, is already far advanced: the