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684 Stein Rokkan
bia (MO.), Univ. of Missouri Press, 1965, and R. B. TEXTOR. A Cross-Cultural
Summary, New Haven, HRAF Press, 1969.
17. A typically ‘Murdockian’ treatment of polities = nation-states is presented in the
largely computer-produced collection by A. S. BANKS and R. B. TEXTOR, A Cross-
Polity Survey, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1963. A useful collection of examples of continuous
cross-national variable rankings is B. RUSSETT et al., World Handbook of
Political and Social Indicators, op. cit.
18. A check on usage in the titles collected in S. ROKKAN et al., Comparative Survey
Analysis, op. cit., and in R. M. MARSH, Comparative Sociology, op. cit., reveals
widespread acceptance of the usage of ‘cross-national’ for replicative studies.
19. An early definition of ‘cross-national research’ runs: ‘research undertaken for
comparative purposes on the same categories of data across several different
national populations or equivalent sections of different national populations,’ H.
DUIJKER and S. ROKKAN, Journal of Social Issues IO (4, 1954, p. 9.
20. There is no comprehensive history of the vicissitudes of the comparative method
in the social sciences. Among the most discerning are F. J. TEGGART, Theory of
History, New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 1925; A. KOBBEN, ‘New Ways of Presenting
and Old Idea: The Statistical Method in Social Anthropology’, Journalof the Royal
Anthropological Institute 82 (z), 1952, pp. 129-146; E. H. ACKERKNECHT, ‘On the
Comparative Method in Anthropology’, pp. 117-125 in: R. F. SPENCER (ed.),
Method and Perspective in Anthropology, Minneapolis, Univ. of Minnesota Press,
1954; S. TAX, ‘From Lafitau to Radcliffe-Brown, a Short History of the Study of
Social Organization’, pp. 443-480 in: F. EGGAN (ed.), Social Anthropology of
North American Tribes, enl. ed., Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1955; K. E.
BOCK, The Acceptance of Histories, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1956.
21. The basic texts are H. D. LASSWELL et al., Language of Politics, New York, G. W.
Stewart, 1949; H. D. LASSWELL, D. LERNER and I. de Sola POOL, The Comparative
Study of Symbols, Stanford, Hoover Institute Series, 1952; B. BERELSON, Content
Analysis in Communication Research, Glencoe, Free Press, 1952; R. NORTH et al.,
Handbook of Content Analysis, Evanston, Northwestern Univ. Press, 1963. The
single most important volume on the trends toward a convergence of textual analysis
techniques in linguistics, folklore, anthropology and mass communications
research is the one edited by 1. de Sola POOL on Trends in Content Analysis, Urbana,
Univ. of Illinois Press, 1959.
22. D. MCCLELLAND, The Achieving Society, Princeton, Van Nostrand, 1961. A
curious example of the use of cross-cultural content analysis (jokes, cartoons) in
the study of modal personality characteristics is H. HENDIN’S Suicide and Scandinavia.
A Psychoanalytic Study of Culture and Character, London, Grune and Stratton,
1964.
23. See P. J. STONE et al., ‘The General Inquirer: A Computer System of Content
Analysis and Retrieval Based on the Sentence as a Unit of Information’, Behavioral
Science 7 (4), Oct. 1962, pp. 484-498, and the chapters in P. J. STONE et al., The
General Inquirer, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1967.
24. G. P. MURDOCK, ‘The Cross-Cultural Survey’, American Sociological Review 5 (3).
June 1940, pp. 361-370; cf. F. W. MOORE (ed.), Readings in Cross-Cultural Methodology,
New Haven, HRAP Press, 1961.
25. The codes used in classifying information are given in G. P. MURDOCK et al.,
An Outline of Cultural Materials, New Haven, HRAF Press, 4th rev. ed., 1961. An
up-to-date listing of the universe and the samples of the world‘s societies is given
in G. P. MURDOCK, An Outline of World Cultures, New Haven, HRAF Press, 3rd ed.,
1963. Extending the sample and adding a variety of new codings, Robert TEXTOR
has subsequently assembled a basic handbook of information on 400 societies: see
his A Cross-Cultural Summary, op. cit. Karl DEUTSCH and Carl-Joachim FRIEDRICH
have recently launched a collective exploration of the possibilities of using HRAF
data and HRAF techniques in the comparative study of political systems.
26. See G. P. MURDOCK, Social Structure, New York, Macmillan, 1949, and a host of