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156 P. F. Lazarsfeld
38. For the sake of brevity we use the term attitude to cover the whole range of disposition
concepts like sentiments, intentions, values, beliefs, feelings, etc.
39. M. IOVTCHOUK and L. KOOAN, ‘Changement dans la vie spirituelle des ouvriers en
URSS’, in: La Sociologie en URSS, op. cit., p. 252.
40. Ibid., p. 268. George Fischer cites additional studies which touch on alienation, the
degree to which it has decreased and the extent to which it still persists. French
authors, more concerned with Marxism, have written extensively on the conscience
ouvri2re.
41. M. SEEMAN, ‘On the Meaning of Alienation’, American Sociological Review 24,
1959, p. 783; R. MIDDLETON, ‘Alienation, Race and Education’, American
Sociological Review 28, Dec. 1963, p. 973.
42. G. OSSIPOV, ‘But et bilan de recherches sociologiques en URSS’, in : La Sociologie en
URSS, op. cit., p. 246. Repeatedly the point is made that a periodic change in
the type of work performed is necessary to maintain the morale of the workers and
permits them to develop a full personality. From the sources available to me I cannot
tell how such a system works nor what social research does contribute to it.
43. A study of time budgets has been carried out in which both Eastern and Western
countries participated. From the preliminary reports it is not yet possible to say
whether it will contribute to this problem.
44. G. OSSIPOV, op. cit., p. 241.
45. Szczepadski has been interested in young people who after some education were
not admitted to higher university degrees. From a personal communication I
gather that he fears that related semi-fascist effects ensue.
46. C’ V. N. SHUBKIN, Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 17 (30), 18 Aug. 1965, p. 6.
Data from the USSR are strongly corroborated by the English translation of a study
by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office on social stratification in Hungary
(Budapest, 1967). This is one of the examples where Eastern and Western findings
are surprisingly alike. Data on occupation choice comparable over the last
40 years are available from Austria (ROSENMAYR, Jugendforschung in Osterreich).
Recently French sociologists have provided relevant information and discussion
(BOURDIEUX, Les Hdritiers.) One difference has to be kept in mind. In capitalist
countries inherited money can play a role while in Communist countries. the
position of parents is increasingly determined by substantive or political achievement.
47. H. HIEBSCH and M. VORWERG, ‘uber Gegenstand, Aufgaben und Methoden der
marxistischen Sozialpsychologie’, Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Philosophie I I (5).
48. Op. cit., p. 243.
49. The literature from and about Eastern Germany deserves special attention for
the following reason. In peripheral countries, at the time when they acquired
some independence from Russian academics, concrete sociology emerged immediately,
almost as a token of relative independence. In the USSR it was the decision
of top authorities which opened the door for empirical work; while this was
preceded by some discussion, the turn also came very quickly. In Eastern Germany
the party remains very distrustful of what they consider revisionist academic
moves. They did give in to the general Eastern current toward empirical
research, but only very slowly. Therefore the literature reflects the issues involved
more clearly, almost like a slow motion film.
50. Soziale Wirklichkeit und soziologische Erkenntnis, Berlin, 1965.
51. Exceptions might be found in American studies of pressure groups or in British
studies on managerial groups.
52. ’L‘homme analyse par la sociologie’, op. cit.
53. The article appeared in Studia Filosoficzne 12, 1957. I quote from a German
translation which appeared in the Kolner Zeitschrift f. Soziologie und SoziaL
psychologie, 1959, p. 281.
54. It should be noted that Malewski deals only with pairs of variates at one time. A
more sophisticated formalization would use larger systems of interconnection