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576 Raymond Boudon
7. See H. SIMON, Models of Man, op. cit. See also A. ETZIONI, Complex Organizations,
New York, Holt, 1961.
8. See, for instance, J. BERGER, B. P. COHEN, J. L. SNELL and M. ZELDITCH, Types of
Formalization in Small Group Research, and H. SOLOMON, J. CRISSWELL and P.
SUPPES, Mathematical Methods in Small Group Processes, Stanford, Stanford
University Press, 1962.
9. See especially J. S. COLEMAN, IIttroduction ro Mathematical Sociology, Glencoe
(Ill.), The Free Press, 1964, and R. BOUDON, L’analyse mathimatique des faits
sociaux, Paris, Plon, 1967.
IO. For an overall view of the mathematical methods and models used in linguistics,
see in LUCE, BUSH and GALANTER, op. cit., the chapters by N. CHOMSKY and G. A.
MILLER, ‘Introduction to the Formal Analysis of Natural Languages’, by N.
CHOMSKY, ‘Formal Properties of Grammars’, and that by G. A. MILLER and N.
CHOMSKY, ‘Finitary Models of Language Users’, pp. 269-492.
11. See C. L~vI-STRAWS, Les structures &Zc!mentaires de la parent&, Paris, Presses Univ.
de France, 1948; J. -MEW, L. SNELL and G. THOMPSON, Introduction to Finite
Mathematics, Englewood Cliffs (N.J.), Prentice-Hall, 1956; and H. WHYTE, An
Anatomy of Kinship, Englewood Cliffs (N.J.), Prentice-Hall.
12. G. RASCH, Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests,
Copenhagen, Nielsen and Lydiche, 1960.
13. H. SIMON, ‘On a Class of Skew Distribution Functions’, in: Models of Man, op. cif.,
PP. 145-164.
14. Op. cif.
15. C. BERGE, La thiorie des graphes et ses applications, Paris, Dunod, 1958.
16. Z. S. ~RRIS, Mathematical Structures of Language (1968), cited by R. JAKOBSON
in Chapter VI of the present study.
17. A. R. ANDERSON, ‘Logic, Norms, Roles’, in: CRISSWELL, SOLOMON and SUPPES,
op. cit.
18. G. O R C ~ N. , GREENBERGER, J. KORBEL and A. M. RIVLIN, Micro-analysis of
Socio-economic Systems. A Simulation Study, New York, Harper, 1961.
19. A. C. HOGATT, ‘A Simulation Study of an Economic Model’, in: A. C. HOGAIT
and BALDERSTON (eds.), Contribution to Scientific Research in Management, Los
Angeles, Western Data Processing Center, pp. 127-141.
20. See ABELSON, op. cit.
21. See, for instance, A. NEWELL, J. C. Smw and H. SIMON, Empiricd Explorations of
the Logical Theory Machine: a Case Study, Santa Monica (Calif.), Rand Corporation,
1957.
22. R. G. D. ALLEN, Mathematical Economics, London, Macmillan, 1957.
23. In J. C. CHARLESWORTH (ed.), Mathematics and the Social Sciences, op. cit.
24. See, for instance, R. BASTIDE (ed.), Sens et usages du terme structure, Paris/The
Hague, Mouton, 1962; H. FREUDENTHAL, The Concept and the Role of the Model
in Mathematics and Natural Social Sciences, Dordrecht, Reidel, I 961.
25. On this subject see P. AUGER, ‘Les moddes dans la science’, Diogsne 52, Oct.-Dec.
19651 PP. 3-15.
26. S. STOUFFER, Social Research to Test Ideas, Glencoe (Ill.), The Free Press, 1962.
27. Here we have drawn considerably on the ideas set out by A. RAPOPORT in ‘Mathematical
Aspects of General Systems Analysis,’ The Social Sciences: Problems and
Orientations, The Hague/Paris, Mouton/msco, 1968, pp. 320-334.
28. General Systems. Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research, edited
by L. VON BERTALANFFY and A, RAPOPORT, Bedford (Mass.), Society for General
Systems Research, 13 volumes since 1956.
29. K. J. ARROW, Social Choice and Iedividual Values, Cowles Commission Monograph
12, New York, Wiley, 1951.
30. See ALLEN, op. cit., Chapters 7 and 8.
31. Grammars defined by the restriction stipulated earlier.
32. In CRISSWELL, SOLOMON and SUPPES, op. cif.