Piercing the Fog - Air Force Historical Studies Office

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ................................................ iii PREFACE ................................................... v AUTHORS .................................................. vii Introduction John F . Kreis ................................ 1 Chapter 1 Early Intelligence Organization in the Army Air Corps Thomas A . Fabyanic and Robert F . Futrell ....... 11 American Air Intelligence in World War I ........... 12 Air Intelligence in the 1920s ...................... 17 Air Intelligence in the Early 1930s ................. 20 The Air Corps Tactical School and Air Intelligence .... 24 Acquisition and Evaluation of Air Intelligence: Developments in Europe and Asia .............. 28 The Approach of War ............................ 39 AWPD- 1 : Planning an Air War .................... 46 Air Intelligence on the Eve of Pearl Harbor ........... 51 A Tentative Assessment .......................... 54 Chapter 2 The Tools of Air Intelligence: ULTRA. MAGIC. Photographic Assessment. and the Y -Service Alexander S . Cochran. Jr., Robert C . Ehrhart. and John F . Kreis ............................. 57 ULTRA ........................................ 59 The Importance of ULTRA in the European Theater ..... 74 Photointelligence ............................... 80 Y Intelligence .................................. 94 ULTRA and MAGIC in the Pacific and CBI ............ 99 B Section .................................... 105 Operational SIGINT and the Far East .............. 106 ix
Contents Chapter 3 Building an Air Intelligence Organization and the European Theater Robert C . Ehrhart. Thomas A . Fabyanic. and Robert F . Futrell ......................... 111 Pearl Harbor and Implications for Air Intelligence .... i13 Creating the Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff. Intelligence ............................... 116 Air Intelligence Training ........................ 126 The Air War in Europe: Organizing Eighth Air Force's Intelligence ............................... 132 Eighth Air Force: Early Operations ................ 140 Countering the German Air Force ................. 146 Intelligence Implications for the Strategic Air Campaign in Europe ............................ 150 TORCH and Northwest Africa ..................... 157 Chapter 4 The European Theater of Operations. 1943-1945 Robert C . Ehrhart .......................... 171 Mediterranean Theater: 1943-1945 ................ 173 Strategic Air Operations in Europe: Spring 1943 to Spring1944 ............................... 190 OVERLORD and Tactical Air Operations in Western Europe: 1944-1 945 ......................... 224 Strategic Air Operations: Summer 1944 to Spring 1945 ..................................... 237 Chapter 5 The Pacific and Far East. 1942-1945 John F . Kreis .............................. 247 The South and Southwest Pacific .................. 249 Assessing the Watchers: The Allied View of Japanese Air Intelligence ............................ 292 Chapter 6 Taking the Offensive: From China-Burma-India to the B-29 Campaign John F . Kreis .............................. 297 China and the Fourteenth Air Force ................ 312 The Central Pacific ............................. 324 B-29 Operations Against Japan ................... 329
Page 2 and 3: Piercing the Fog Intelligence and A
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD WHEN JAPAN ATTACKED PEARL,
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE THE MILITARY CALAMITY IN EU
Page 8 and 9: AUTHORS ALEXANDER S. COCHRAN, Jr.,
Page 12 and 13: Contents Chapter 7 Planning the Def
Page 14: Contents P-38andP-51EscortRanges ..
Page 17 and 18: Piercing the Fog entered the war, a
Page 19 and 20: Piercing the Fog prevented from dev
Page 21 and 22: Piercing the Fog that no modern air
Page 23 and 24: Piercing the Fog areas, the G-2 had
Page 25 and 26: Piercing the Fog addressed at war
Page 27 and 28: Piercing the Fog Events in the war
Page 29 and 30: Piercing the Fog The G-2-A-7 people
Page 31 and 32: Piercing the Fog many means to obta
Page 33 and 34: Piercing the Fog photography and ma
Page 35 and 36: Piercing the Fog aeronautical devel
Page 37 and 38: Piercing the Fog naval superiority
Page 39 and 40: Piercing the Fog GHQ Air Force comm
Page 41 and 42: Piercing the Fog bases would be ava
Page 43 and 44: Piercing the Fog target determinati
Page 45 and 46: Piercing the Fog Japanese Army avia
Page 47 and 48: Piercing the Fog On the other side
Page 49 and 50: Piercing the Fog completely changed
Page 51 and 52: Piercing the Fog aircraft, successf
Page 53 and 54: Piercing the Fog During 1934-1935,
Page 55 and 56: Piercing the Fog operations, the st
Page 57 and 58: Piercing the Fog headed an Air Esti
Page 59 and 60: Piercing the Fog intelligence compr
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Piercing the Fog as it left the AAF
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Piercing the Fog folders. It was wi
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Henry H.
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Piercing the Fog already promised t
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Piercing the Fog to the Philippines
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CHAPTER 2 The Tools of Air Intellig
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Tools of Air Intelligence Italy, bu
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Tools of Air Intelligence message a
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Tools of Air Intelligence cryptogra
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Tools of Air Intelligence Despite t
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Tools of Air Intelligence and use o
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Tools of Air Intelligence that incl
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Tools of Air Intelligence Lt. Gen.
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Tools of Air Intelligence believed
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Tools of Air Intelligence have take
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Tools of Air Intelligence cripple t
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Tools of Air Intelligence At the ta
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Tools of Air Intelligence variety o
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Tools of Air Intelligence emplaceme
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Tools of Air Intelligence Second-ph
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Tools of Air Intelligence tions dif
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Tools of Air Intelligence more incl
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Brig. Gen. Ira C. Eaker Tools of Ai
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Brig. Gen. George C. McDonald (Cour
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Tools of Air Intelligence continued
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Tools of Air Intelligence the most
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Tools of Air Intelligence were into
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Tools of Air Intelligence foreign o
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Tools of Air Intelligence Part of t
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Tools of Air Intelligence The resul
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Tools of Air Intelligence Washingto
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Tools of Air Intelligence interroga
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Piercing the Fog slowly and with se
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Piercing the Fog information and th
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Creating the Office of the Assistan
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Piercing the Fog press of daily act
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Piercing the Fog technical intellig
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Piercing the Fog time, the U.S.S. P
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Piercing the Fog numbered air force
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Air Intelligence Training One of th
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Piercing the Fog The average age of
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Piercing the Fog responsive to chan
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The Air War in Europe: Organizing E
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Piercing the Fog The exception to t
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Piercing the Fog perspective of whe
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Piercing the Fog Force history cred
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Piercing the Fog these earlier esti
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Piercing the Fog Even before the No
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Piercing the Fog at sea increased.
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Piercing the Fog to construction ya
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Piercing the Fog to the Mediterrane
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Intelligence Implications for the S
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Piercing the Fog both the data and
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Piercing the Fog The visitors recei
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Piercing the Fog economy. . . .”2
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Piercing the Fog and Y intercepts a
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Piercing the Fog number of airfield
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Piercing the Fog nated photoreconna
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Piercing the Fog identified appropr
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Piercing the Fog source of British
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Piercing the Fog sance, they concen
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B Y CHAPTER 4 The European Theater
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The European Theater of Operations
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GERMANY - Railroads 185
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193
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The Combined Bomber Offensive began
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199
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I 21 1
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I AI 215
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217
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219
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After the ground breakout from the
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227
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CHAPTER 5 The Pacific and Far East,
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The Pacific and Far East In the Pac
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The Pacific and Far East On the eve
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The Pacific and Far East semiweekly
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255
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The Pacific and Far East throughout
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The Pacific and Far East strengths.
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The Pacific and Far East ments over
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The Pacific and Far East to include
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The Pacific and Far East On January
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The Pacific and Far East Guinea fro
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The Pacific and Far East altering t
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The Pacific and Far East 18, the pi
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Two of the coordinated air attacks
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The Pacific and Far East plus Navy
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The Pacifrc and Far East protection
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The Pacific and Far East from the 1
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The Pacific and Far East landing. N
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The Pacific and Far East intercept,
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The Pacific and Far East a suitable
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The Pacific and Far East four P-38s
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The Pacific and Far East Allied lea
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The Pacific and Far East Throughout
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The Pacific and Far East watchers,
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The Pacific and Far East The inform
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CHAPTER 6 Taking the Offensive: Fro
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= Enerny-Held Areas May 1944 China-
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Taking the Offensive defend the air
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Comparative Air Intelligence Functi
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Taking the Offensive extensive coor
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Taking the Offensive destroyed, but
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Eastem Fleet JIIIDIIIIIBIL I I I I
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Taking the Offensive information on
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Taking the Offensive a problem that
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Taking the Offensive field armies,
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Taking the Offensive The cooperatio
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Fourteenth Air Force B-25s bomb the
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Clai
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Taking the Offensive March 1945. Wh
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Taking the Offensive operational ai
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Will
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B-29 Operations Against Japan Takin
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Taking the Offensive The number, lo
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Taking the Offensive The list produ
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Taking the Offensive recording the
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337
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Taking the Offensive Japan. The com
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Taking the Offensive incendiaries l
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Taking the Offensive Photo of one o
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Taking the Offensive The crew of th
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Taking the Offensive The mushroom-s
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Piercing the Fog completed in Italy
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Piercing the Fog means of obtaining
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Piercing the Fog the fall of 1943,
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Organization: A-2, US. Army Air For
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Piercing the Fog the first two case
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Piercing the Fog White was quite ag
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Howard C
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Piercing the Fog similar observatio
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Piercing the Fog a Joint Staff plan
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Piercing the Fog gave the benefit o
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Piercing the Fog tions on the mix o
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Piercing the Fog Another group appo
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Piercing the Fog might endanger suc
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Piercing the Fog A difference of op
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Piercing the Fog and assessment had
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Piercing the Fog headquarters, just
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Piercing the Fog of its topography.
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Piercing the Fog duality of thinkin
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Piercing the Fog On May 31 he met w
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Piercing the Fog would have capitul
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Piercing the Fog the JIC was inform
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Piercing the Fog future, only Canad
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Piercing the Fog capabilities and t
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Piercing the Fog of a European conf
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Piercing the Fog avoid the catastro
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Piercing the Fog lacked drop tanks,
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Piercing the Fog Particularly in th
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Piercing the Fog on doing things th
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Piercing the Fog organizations, rep
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Piercing the Fog Speer’s postwar
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Piercing the Fog With the Normandy
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Piercing the Fog buildup to contest
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Piercing the Fog perhaps even could
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Piercing the Fog interpretation of
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Piercing the Fog his Fourteenth Air
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Piercing the Fog plans and B-29 ope
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Piercing the Fog Sweden’s sale to
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NOTES INTRODUCTION Notes to Pages 1
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21. Ltr, Maj Gen Mason M. Patrick,
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82. Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctr
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Notes to Pages 61-70 Second World W
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122. “Photo Intelligence,” in H
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192. Ibid., pp. 35-36. 193. Ibid.,
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view of the AAF Headquarters Air In
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Notes to Pages 145-155 151. Ltr,Eak
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supply lines to North Africa. He no
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Economic Targets in 1943,” n.d.,
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Notes to Pages 220-230 Powys-Lybbe,
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235. Haines Report, p. 104. 236. Ib
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Notes to Pages 253-259 dated May 18
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Notes to Pages 274-288 228-229. see
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864.311. 3. Ltrs, Chennault to Biss
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Wedemeyer to Chennault, Feb 4, 1945
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1. Ltr, Arnold to Hany L. Hopkins,
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and Activities in Europe”; memo,
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course of the conventional bombing
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Notes to Pages 407416 33. For examp
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A-2 AA AAF AAFPOA AAFSWPA AAI ABC A
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MAPRW MASAF MATAF MEW MID NAAF NACA
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PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS for this v
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Bibliography contains reports submi
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Bibliography invaluable. Complement
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Bibliography intelligence studies a
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Bibliography . Washington Command P
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Bibliography Kreis, John F. Air Wag
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Bibliography . The Eagle and the Su
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“Air Estimate of the Situation fo
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Index Army Reorganization Act of 19
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Index objectives, 1944,208,224 POIN
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need for technical intelligence, on
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Harris, Arthur T., 412 Harrisburg A
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incendiary bombing by, 338-42 refle
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O’Connor, William J., 88 Office o
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Index Shipping campaign mission dir
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398 clues of German offensive, 235-
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42d, 188 68th Composite, 3 18, 320
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