Piercing the Fog - Air Force Historical Studies Office

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The European Theater of Operations supported by Professor Zuckerman) or to concentrate on bridges and other bottleneck targets (as advocated most strongly by E0U)-was not an issue at the highest levels. The preponderance of current intelligence by this time favored the latter, which would have released the heavy bombers, since they were not suited for such precision attacks. Spaatz chose not to contest the issue;’34 rather he elected to stress that attacks on oil represented the most effective application of strategic air forces to support OVERLORD in the belief that three weeks would be sufficient to retard a German buildup in Normandy.* Once the issue became broadly one of transportation versus oil, it was almost inevitable that Eisenhower would opt against the USSTAF proposal. In the first place, Tedder, his own deputy, as well as Leigh-Mallory (both senior RAF officers) strongly favored the transportation strategy. These individuals emphasized the gamble involved in the USSTAF approach: if three weeks were not sufficient to block the German lines of communication, there would be no time to recover, and the mighty endeavor would be lost. In contrast, by marshaling all their air forces for three months, the Allies might at the very least be assured they had not wasted any resources. Another contentious issue was timing. None of the senior proponents of the oil campaign talked in terms of fewer than six months for it to have an effect. In his own presentation to Eisenhower, Spaatz essentially admitted the real impact would not be on the immediate tactical capability of the German defenders in the invasion area; it would be the campaign’s effect on German mobility-strategic and tactical-in the critical period after D-day. Perhaps more than any other event, this debate reflected the fundamental differences in perspective between strategic airmen and tactical (ground and air) commanders. When the former focused on the period after D-day, they were missing the point. Eisenhower, as the supreme commander, focused on what was acknowledged would be the decisive event of the war in Europe, a successful foothold on the continent, not on the sequence of events thereafter. Eisenhower made his decision on March 25: strategic and tactical air forces would attack the German transportation network in western Europe. Spaatz accepted his superior’s decision. Yet, within weeks of the successful Allied invasion, oil would again become the primary target of American strategic air forces. Operation OVERLORD was not the only diversion to American efforts to prosecute the CBO. By the spring of 1944, threats from the German V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket had imposed serious demands on American and British air resources as well. *In his book Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy (Austin, Tex., 1981), Professor Walter Rostow, who was intimately involved in this debate, presents a cogent, though not unbiased, argument against the whole Zuckerman thesis. He favors the plan his own EOU organization prepared for the employment of tactical forces against bridges. 213
214 The bombing offensive against the German rail system was ordered by General Eisenhower. Its main purpose was to deny supplies to the German army. At Celle (above lef) and Fulda (above right) and Ulm (below), railroad marshaling yards were hit. The railroad bridges at Celle were dropped by Ninth Air Force medium bombers. The marshaling yards at Muhldorf (right) in southern Germany were punished by the Fifteenth Air Force. Cologne (below right) and Berlin marshaling yards were hit by the Eighth Air Force and the RAF.
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Piercing the Fog Intelligence and A
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FOREWORD WHEN JAPAN ATTACKED PEARL,
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PREFACE THE MILITARY CALAMITY IN EU
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AUTHORS ALEXANDER S. COCHRAN, Jr.,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ...
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Contents Chapter 7 Planning the Def
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Contents P-38andP-51EscortRanges ..
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Piercing the Fog entered the war, a
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Piercing the Fog prevented from dev
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Piercing the Fog that no modern air
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Piercing the Fog areas, the G-2 had
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Piercing the Fog addressed at war
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Piercing the Fog Events in the war
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Piercing the Fog The G-2-A-7 people
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Piercing the Fog many means to obta
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Piercing the Fog photography and ma
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Piercing the Fog aeronautical devel
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Piercing the Fog naval superiority
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Piercing the Fog GHQ Air Force comm
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Piercing the Fog bases would be ava
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Piercing the Fog target determinati
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Piercing the Fog Japanese Army avia
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Piercing the Fog On the other side
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Piercing the Fog completely changed
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Piercing the Fog aircraft, successf
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Piercing the Fog During 1934-1935,
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Piercing the Fog operations, the st
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Piercing the Fog headed an Air Esti
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Piercing the Fog intelligence compr
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Piercing the Fog as it left the AAF
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Piercing the Fog folders. It was wi
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Henry H.
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Piercing the Fog already promised t
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Piercing the Fog to the Philippines
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CHAPTER 2 The Tools of Air Intellig
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Tools of Air Intelligence Italy, bu
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Tools of Air Intelligence message a
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Tools of Air Intelligence cryptogra
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Tools of Air Intelligence Despite t
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Tools of Air Intelligence and use o
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Tools of Air Intelligence that incl
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Tools of Air Intelligence Lt. Gen.
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Tools of Air Intelligence believed
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Tools of Air Intelligence have take
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Tools of Air Intelligence cripple t
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Tools of Air Intelligence At the ta
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Tools of Air Intelligence variety o
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Tools of Air Intelligence emplaceme
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Tools of Air Intelligence Second-ph
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Tools of Air Intelligence tions dif
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Tools of Air Intelligence more incl
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Brig. Gen. Ira C. Eaker Tools of Ai
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Brig. Gen. George C. McDonald (Cour
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Tools of Air Intelligence continued
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Tools of Air Intelligence the most
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Tools of Air Intelligence were into
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Tools of Air Intelligence foreign o
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Tools of Air Intelligence Part of t
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Tools of Air Intelligence The resul
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Tools of Air Intelligence Washingto
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Tools of Air Intelligence interroga
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Piercing the Fog slowly and with se
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Piercing the Fog information and th
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Creating the Office of the Assistan
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Piercing the Fog press of daily act
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Piercing the Fog technical intellig
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Piercing the Fog time, the U.S.S. P
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Piercing the Fog numbered air force
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Air Intelligence Training One of th
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Piercing the Fog The average age of
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Piercing the Fog responsive to chan
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The Air War in Europe: Organizing E
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Piercing the Fog The exception to t
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Piercing the Fog perspective of whe
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Piercing the Fog Force history cred
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Piercing the Fog these earlier esti
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Piercing the Fog Even before the No
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Piercing the Fog at sea increased.
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Piercing the Fog to construction ya
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Piercing the Fog to the Mediterrane
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Intelligence Implications for the S
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Piercing the Fog both the data and
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Piercing the Fog The visitors recei
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Piercing the Fog economy. . . .”2
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Piercing the Fog and Y intercepts a
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Piercing the Fog number of airfield
Page 177 and 178: Piercing the Fog nated photoreconna
Page 179 and 180: Piercing the Fog identified appropr
Page 181 and 182: Piercing the Fog source of British
Page 183 and 184: Piercing the Fog sance, they concen
Page 186 and 187: B Y CHAPTER 4 The European Theater
Page 188 and 189: The European Theater of Operations
Page 200 and 201: GERMANY - Railroads 185
Page 208 and 209: 193
Page 212 and 213: The Combined Bomber Offensive began
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Page 226 and 227: I 21 1
Page 230 and 231: I AI 215
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Page 234 and 235: 219
Page 240 and 241: After the ground breakout from the
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Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 5 The Pacific and Far East,
Page 264 and 265: The Pacific and Far East In the Pac
Page 266 and 267: The Pacific and Far East On the eve
Page 268 and 269: The Pacific and Far East semiweekly
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Page 272 and 273: The Pacific and Far East throughout
Page 274 and 275: The Pacific and Far East strengths.
Page 276 and 277: The Pacific and Far East ments over
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The Pacific and Far East to include
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The Pacific and Far East On January
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The Pacific and Far East Guinea fro
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The Pacific and Far East altering t
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The Pacific and Far East 18, the pi
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Two of the coordinated air attacks
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The Pacific and Far East plus Navy
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The Pacifrc and Far East protection
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The Pacific and Far East from the 1
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The Pacific and Far East landing. N
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The Pacific and Far East intercept,
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The Pacific and Far East a suitable
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The Pacific and Far East four P-38s
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The Pacific and Far East Allied lea
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The Pacific and Far East Throughout
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The Pacific and Far East watchers,
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The Pacific and Far East The inform
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CHAPTER 6 Taking the Offensive: Fro
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= Enerny-Held Areas May 1944 China-
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Taking the Offensive defend the air
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Comparative Air Intelligence Functi
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Taking the Offensive extensive coor
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Taking the Offensive destroyed, but
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Eastem Fleet JIIIDIIIIIBIL I I I I
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Taking the Offensive information on
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Taking the Offensive a problem that
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Taking the Offensive field armies,
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Taking the Offensive The cooperatio
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Fourteenth Air Force B-25s bomb the
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Clai
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Taking the Offensive March 1945. Wh
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Taking the Offensive operational ai
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Will
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B-29 Operations Against Japan Takin
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Taking the Offensive The number, lo
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Taking the Offensive The list produ
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Taking the Offensive recording the
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337
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Taking the Offensive Japan. The com
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Taking the Offensive incendiaries l
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Taking the Offensive Photo of one o
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Taking the Offensive The crew of th
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Taking the Offensive The mushroom-s
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Piercing the Fog completed in Italy
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Piercing the Fog means of obtaining
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Piercing the Fog the fall of 1943,
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Organization: A-2, US. Army Air For
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Piercing the Fog the first two case
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Piercing the Fog White was quite ag
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Howard C
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Piercing the Fog similar observatio
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Piercing the Fog a Joint Staff plan
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Piercing the Fog gave the benefit o
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Piercing the Fog tions on the mix o
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Piercing the Fog Another group appo
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Piercing the Fog might endanger suc
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Piercing the Fog A difference of op
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Piercing the Fog and assessment had
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Piercing the Fog headquarters, just
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Piercing the Fog of its topography.
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Piercing the Fog duality of thinkin
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Piercing the Fog On May 31 he met w
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Piercing the Fog would have capitul
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Piercing the Fog the JIC was inform
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Piercing the Fog future, only Canad
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Piercing the Fog capabilities and t
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Piercing the Fog of a European conf
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Piercing the Fog avoid the catastro
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Piercing the Fog lacked drop tanks,
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Piercing the Fog Particularly in th
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Piercing the Fog on doing things th
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Piercing the Fog organizations, rep
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Piercing the Fog Speer’s postwar
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Piercing the Fog With the Normandy
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Piercing the Fog buildup to contest
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Piercing the Fog perhaps even could
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Piercing the Fog interpretation of
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Piercing the Fog his Fourteenth Air
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Piercing the Fog plans and B-29 ope
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Piercing the Fog Sweden’s sale to
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NOTES INTRODUCTION Notes to Pages 1
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21. Ltr, Maj Gen Mason M. Patrick,
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82. Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctr
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Notes to Pages 61-70 Second World W
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122. “Photo Intelligence,” in H
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192. Ibid., pp. 35-36. 193. Ibid.,
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view of the AAF Headquarters Air In
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Notes to Pages 145-155 151. Ltr,Eak
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supply lines to North Africa. He no
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Economic Targets in 1943,” n.d.,
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Notes to Pages 220-230 Powys-Lybbe,
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235. Haines Report, p. 104. 236. Ib
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Notes to Pages 253-259 dated May 18
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Notes to Pages 274-288 228-229. see
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864.311. 3. Ltrs, Chennault to Biss
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Wedemeyer to Chennault, Feb 4, 1945
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1. Ltr, Arnold to Hany L. Hopkins,
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and Activities in Europe”; memo,
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course of the conventional bombing
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Notes to Pages 407416 33. For examp
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A-2 AA AAF AAFPOA AAFSWPA AAI ABC A
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MAPRW MASAF MATAF MEW MID NAAF NACA
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PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS for this v
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Bibliography contains reports submi
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Bibliography invaluable. Complement
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Bibliography intelligence studies a
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Bibliography . Washington Command P
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Bibliography Kreis, John F. Air Wag
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Bibliography . The Eagle and the Su
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“Air Estimate of the Situation fo
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Index Army Reorganization Act of 19
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Index objectives, 1944,208,224 POIN
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need for technical intelligence, on
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Harris, Arthur T., 412 Harrisburg A
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incendiary bombing by, 338-42 refle
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O’Connor, William J., 88 Office o
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Index Shipping campaign mission dir
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398 clues of German offensive, 235-
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42d, 188 68th Composite, 3 18, 320
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