Notes to Pages 274-288 228-229. see also Miller, Cartwheel, pp. 335,348- 56. Ltrs, Kenney to Whitehead, Oct 21, 349. 24, 1943, in Kenney Papers; Craven and Cate, vol 4, Guadalcanal to Saipan, pp. 68. SIBs, Apr 1-6, 1944, SRH-203. 69. Ibid., Apr 8,9, 1944; Itrs, Kenney to 246-255; SIBS, Oct 1943 (tracing Japa- Whitehead, Mar 6, 1944, and Whitehead nese air and naval activity and reinforcements of aircraft to <strong>the</strong> region), SRH-203. to Kenney, Mar 9, 1944, both in Kenney Papers; Kenney Reports, p. 377. 57. Ltrs, Kenney to Whitehead, Oct 19, 21, 24, and Nov 2, 1943, in Kenney Pa- 70. Memo, 5th AF A-2 to Whitehead and Kenney, subj: Reduction of Wewak, pers; SIBS, Nov 1943, SRH-203; Craven Mar 29, 1944, Kenney Papers; Kenney and Cate, vol 4, Guadalcanal to Saipan, Papers, entry for Mar 26; Kenney Reports, pp. 317-328; ltr, Twining to Arnold, Nov pp. 374-377; Craven and Cate, vol 4, 14, 1943, LC, Twining Papers, box 121. Guadalcanal to Saipan, p. 589. 58. Memo, <strong>Air</strong> Comd, Solomon Islands, Dykes, Jun 1944; Memo, subj: Brief History of <strong>the</strong> Thirteenth <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, 750.006; Memo, 13th AF Intel Sec, 1943-1945, Jul 71. Kenney Reports, p. 374; msg, Cmdr 5th AF ADVON, to Kenney, Mar 31, 1944, Kenney Papers; Kenney Papers, entries for Mar 30, 31, and Apr 1. For 1945,750.006; Kenney Papers, entries for June 10-20,1944, Kenney’s information on <strong>the</strong> indications of Japanese aircraft replacement, see his 59. Kenney Papers, entry for May 17, 1943; Gideon intvw; Feldt, Coast Watchentry for Apr 17. 72. Kenney Papers, entry for Apr 18, ers, pp. vii-ix, 270. 60. Feldt, Coast Watchers. 61. Ltrs, Kenney to Whitehead, Aug 16, 18,20, 1943, Kenney Papers. 1944. 73. Craven and Cate, vol4, Guadalcanal to Saipan, pp. 598-609. 74. SIBs 496,497, and 502 for Septem- 62. Kenney Papers, entries for Aug ber 15/16, 16/17, and 21/22,1944, respec- 16-18; ltr, Whitehead to Kenney, Aug 21, tively, SRH-203. 1943, Kenney Papers. 63. Ltr, Whitehead to Kenney, Aug 21, 1943; Kenney Papers, entries for Aug and Sep 1943. 75. Craven and Cate, vol4, Guadalcanal to Saipan, pp. 601-602; Kenney Reports, pp. 378-379,419,426. 76. Wesley Frank Craven and James 64. Kenney Papers, entries for Feb 23-24, 1944; ltr, Kenney to Whitehead, Feb 24, 1944, Kenney Papers; see also Lea Cate, The Army <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Force</strong>s in World War Zl, vol 5, MATIERHORN to Nagasaki (Chicago, 1949), pp. 316-322; Kenney SIBS, Jan, Feb 1944, SRH-203; John Reports, pp. 436442; SIBs 517, 519, Oct Miller, Jr., CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul (Washington, D.C., 1959), p. 321. 65. Kenney Papers, Feb 28,1944. 66. Craven and Cate, vol4, Guadalca- 617,819 1944, SRH-203. 77. Kenney Papers, Sep 16, 17,1944. 78. Ibid.; SIBs 511, 522, 523, 525, and 530, Sep 30/0ct 1, Oct 11/12, 12/13, nal to Saipan, pp. 555-567; Miller, CART- 13/14, and 19/20, 1944, respectively, WHEEL, pp. 339-349. SRH-203. 67. Kenney Papers, entries for Mar 6-8, 79. Craven and Cate, vol 5, MATIERincluding Itr, Kenney to Whitehead, subj: HORN to Nagasaki, pp. 357-372. “Outlining <strong>the</strong> Hollandia Preparations,” 80. bid.; Kenney Papers, Nov 24-25, Mar 6, 1944; Craven and Cate, vol 4, 1944; SIB 551, NOV 9/10, 1944, SRH- Guadalcanal to Saipan, pp. 571-573. 203. Some of Kenney’s misgivings are re- 81. SIBs 532, 534, 542, and 543, Oct counted after <strong>the</strong> fact in a somewhat am- 21/22, 23/24, 31/Nov 1, and Nov 1/2, biguous two-page summary of activities 1944, SRH-203. for <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong> Admiralties planning. 82. SIBs 532, 534, 542, and 543, Oct Although <strong>the</strong> summary’s author is anony- 21/22, 23/24, 31/Nov 1, and Nov 1/2, mous, it was clearly a person very close to Kenney, perhaps his aide. Kenney Papers; 1944, SRH-203; Kenney Papers, Oct 28, Nov 10,11,1944. 45 1
Notes to Pages 288-300 83. Kenney Papers, Oct 28, Nov 10,11, nobu Tsuji, Singapore, <strong>the</strong> Japanese Ver- 1944. 84. SIB 5.69, NOV 27/28, 1944, SRHsion, Margaret E. Lake, trans (Sidney, 1960), pp. 44-52. 203. 91. HQ South East Asia Command, 85. SIB 586, Dec 14/15, 1944, SRH- “SEA Translation and Interrogation Cen- 203. tre Bulletins,” Nos. 76, 79, May 19, 25, 86. Craven and Cate, vol 5, MATTER- 1945, 820.605; SIB 317, Mar 19, 1944, HORN to Nagasaki, 393-401; Kenney SRH-203; SRH-254, pp. 21,28A, 52. Papers, Dec 20, 26, 1944; SIB 594, Dec 92. SRH-254, pp. 21, 28A, 52; Japa- 22/23,1944, SRH-203. nese Signal Intelligence Service, 3d ed, 87. SIB 596, Dec 24/25, 1944, SRH- NOV 1, 1944, SRH-266, pp. 5-14; SIB 203; Kenney Papers, Jan 10, 1945; “Phil- 569, NOV 27/28, 1944, SRH-203. ippine Sea Frontier, <strong>Air</strong> Intelligence 93. SIBs 277,279,292,296, all in Feb Notes,” in Kenney Papers, Jan 1945. 1944, and SIB 569, Nov 27/28, 1944, 88. Kenney Papers, Jan 21, 1945; Cra- SRH-203. See also SRH-266, pp. 41-46, ven and Cate, vol5, MATTERHORN to Na- and SRH-254, pp. 34-38. gasaki, pp. 413-415. 94. SIBS 277,279,292,296, all in Feb 89. Alvin D. Coox, “Flawed Perception 1944, and SIB 569, Nov 27/28, 1944, and Its Effect Upon Operational Thinking: SRH-203. See also SRH-266, pp. 41-46, The Case of <strong>the</strong> Japanese Army, 1937- and SRH-254, pp. 34-38. 1941,” Intelligence and Military Opera- 95. SIBs 277,279,292,296, all in Feb tions (London, 1990), pp. 239-254. See 1944, SRH-203; Kenney Papers, entries also Michael Howard, Strategic Decep- for Jan 5, 1943, and succeeding days. tion, vol 5 in F. H. Hinsley et al., British 96. SIBS 315, 327, Mar 17, 29, 1944, Intelligence in <strong>the</strong> Second World War, SRH-203. (London, 1990), pp. 203-221. Howard, in 97. SIBS 296,308,311, and 317, SRHdiscussing deception efforts in <strong>the</strong> South 203. East Asia Command, illustrates Japanese intelligence flaws similar to those of <strong>the</strong> Germans, resulting in an overestimation of Allied strength. The overestimating came about for similar reasons: an inadequately developed military intelligence organization unable to pursue hard-headed analytical goals. See also The Japanese Intelligence System, Sep 4, 1945, SRH-254. 90. Coox, “Flawed Perception”; Masa- 98. See Alvin D. Coox, “Japanese Military Intelligence in <strong>the</strong> Pacific Theater: Its Non-Revolutionary Nature,’’ and Takahashi Hisashi, “A Case Study: Japanese Intelligence Estimates of China and <strong>the</strong> Chinese, 1931-1945,” The Intelligence Revolution, Proceedings of <strong>the</strong> 13th Military History Symposium, U.S. <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Force</strong> Academy, October 1988 (Washington, D.C., 1991), pp. 197-222. 1. Intvw, John F. Kreis with Lt Gen Devol Brett, USAF, Ret, Feb 15, 1985; Robert Lee Scott, Jr., The Day I Owned <strong>the</strong> Sky (New York, Toronto, Sidney, Aukland, 1988), pp. 74-75; Jack Samson, Chennault (New York, 1987), pp. 89,91, 138,180; Kenney Papers, entry for Jan 18, 1943; Joseph W. Stilwell, The Stilwell 452 CHAPTER 6 Papers, edited and arranged by Theodore H. White (New York, 1948), pp. 35-38. 2. Kenney Reports, pp. 183, 240-241; draft rprt, “The China <strong>Air</strong> Task <strong>Force</strong>,” n.d. 862.057; intvw, with Capt John M. Birch, Mar 20, 1945, 14th AF Hist Files, 862.01; ltr, Chennault to Bissell, subj: Tables of Organization, Nov 15, 1942,
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Piercing the Fog Intelligence and A
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FOREWORD WHEN JAPAN ATTACKED PEARL,
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PREFACE THE MILITARY CALAMITY IN EU
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AUTHORS ALEXANDER S. COCHRAN, Jr.,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ...
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Contents Chapter 7 Planning the Def
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Contents P-38andP-51EscortRanges ..
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Piercing the Fog entered the war, a
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Piercing the Fog prevented from dev
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Piercing the Fog that no modern air
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Piercing the Fog areas, the G-2 had
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Piercing the Fog addressed at war
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Piercing the Fog Events in the war
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Piercing the Fog The G-2-A-7 people
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Piercing the Fog many means to obta
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Piercing the Fog photography and ma
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Piercing the Fog aeronautical devel
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Piercing the Fog naval superiority
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Piercing the Fog GHQ Air Force comm
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Piercing the Fog bases would be ava
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Piercing the Fog target determinati
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Piercing the Fog Japanese Army avia
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Piercing the Fog On the other side
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Piercing the Fog completely changed
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Piercing the Fog aircraft, successf
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Piercing the Fog During 1934-1935,
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Piercing the Fog operations, the st
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Piercing the Fog headed an Air Esti
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Piercing the Fog intelligence compr
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Piercing the Fog as it left the AAF
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Piercing the Fog folders. It was wi
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Henry H.
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Piercing the Fog already promised t
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Piercing the Fog to the Philippines
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CHAPTER 2 The Tools of Air Intellig
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Tools of Air Intelligence Italy, bu
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Tools of Air Intelligence message a
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Tools of Air Intelligence cryptogra
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Tools of Air Intelligence Despite t
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Tools of Air Intelligence and use o
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Tools of Air Intelligence that incl
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Tools of Air Intelligence Lt. Gen.
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Tools of Air Intelligence believed
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Tools of Air Intelligence have take
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Tools of Air Intelligence cripple t
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Tools of Air Intelligence At the ta
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Tools of Air Intelligence variety o
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Tools of Air Intelligence emplaceme
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Tools of Air Intelligence Second-ph
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Tools of Air Intelligence tions dif
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Tools of Air Intelligence more incl
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Brig. Gen. Ira C. Eaker Tools of Ai
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Brig. Gen. George C. McDonald (Cour
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Tools of Air Intelligence continued
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Tools of Air Intelligence the most
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Tools of Air Intelligence were into
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Tools of Air Intelligence foreign o
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Tools of Air Intelligence Part of t
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Tools of Air Intelligence The resul
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Tools of Air Intelligence Washingto
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Tools of Air Intelligence interroga
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Piercing the Fog slowly and with se
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Piercing the Fog information and th
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Creating the Office of the Assistan
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Piercing the Fog press of daily act
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Piercing the Fog technical intellig
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Piercing the Fog time, the U.S.S. P
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Piercing the Fog numbered air force
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Air Intelligence Training One of th
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Piercing the Fog The average age of
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Piercing the Fog responsive to chan
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The Air War in Europe: Organizing E
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Piercing the Fog Force history cred
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Piercing the Fog these earlier esti
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Piercing the Fog Even before the No
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Piercing the Fog at sea increased.
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Piercing the Fog to construction ya
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Piercing the Fog to the Mediterrane
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Intelligence Implications for the S
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Piercing the Fog both the data and
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Piercing the Fog The visitors recei
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Piercing the Fog economy. . . .”2
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Piercing the Fog and Y intercepts a
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Piercing the Fog number of airfield
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Piercing the Fog nated photoreconna
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Piercing the Fog source of British
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Piercing the Fog sance, they concen
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B Y CHAPTER 4 The European Theater
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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GERMANY - Railroads 185
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The European Theater of Operations
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193
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The Combined Bomber Offensive began
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199
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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I AI 215
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The European Theater of Operations
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After the ground breakout from the
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227
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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The European Theater of Operations
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CHAPTER 5 The Pacific and Far East,
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The Pacific and Far East In the Pac
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The Pacific and Far East On the eve
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The Pacific and Far East semiweekly
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255
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The Pacific and Far East throughout
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The Pacific and Far East strengths.
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The Pacific and Far East On January
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The Pacific and Far East 18, the pi
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Two of the coordinated air attacks
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The Pacific and Far East plus Navy
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The Pacifrc and Far East protection
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The Pacific and Far East from the 1
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The Pacific and Far East landing. N
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The Pacific and Far East intercept,
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The Pacific and Far East a suitable
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The Pacific and Far East four P-38s
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The Pacific and Far East Allied lea
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The Pacific and Far East Throughout
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The Pacific and Far East watchers,
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The Pacific and Far East The inform
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CHAPTER 6 Taking the Offensive: Fro
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= Enerny-Held Areas May 1944 China-
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Taking the Offensive defend the air
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Comparative Air Intelligence Functi
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Taking the Offensive extensive coor
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Taking the Offensive destroyed, but
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Eastem Fleet JIIIDIIIIIBIL I I I I
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Taking the Offensive information on
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Taking the Offensive a problem that
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Taking the Offensive field armies,
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Taking the Offensive The cooperatio
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Fourteenth Air Force B-25s bomb the
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Clai
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Taking the Offensive March 1945. Wh
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Taking the Offensive operational ai
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Will
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B-29 Operations Against Japan Takin
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Taking the Offensive The number, lo
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Taking the Offensive The list produ
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Taking the Offensive recording the
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337
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Taking the Offensive Japan. The com
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Taking the Offensive incendiaries l
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Taking the Offensive Photo of one o
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Taking the Offensive The crew of th
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Taking the Offensive The mushroom-s
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Piercing the Fog completed in Italy
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Piercing the Fog means of obtaining
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Piercing the Fog the fall of 1943,
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Organization: A-2, US. Army Air For
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Howard C
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Piercing the Fog a Joint Staff plan
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Piercing the Fog future, only Canad
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Piercing the Fog avoid the catastro
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42d, 188 68th Composite, 3 18, 320