Piercing the Fog - Air Force Historical Studies Office

Notes to Pages 381-388
(New York, 1962). pp. xi-xiii; Diaries of
Henry L. Stimson, 50 and 51 (microfilm
ed, reel 9) (hereafter Stimson Diaries),
entries for Mar 5, Apr 24,25, and May 28,
1945, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale
University Library, New Haven, Conn.;
Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,
On Active Service in Peace and War (New
York, 1948), p. 613.
64. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, pp.
266-267; Records of the Manhattan Engineer
District (hereafter MED Records),
NA, RG 77, Microfilm Roll M1109, folder
5, sec D, “Report of the Target Committee
Meeting, Apr 27, 1945”; Stimson
and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 613.
65. R&R C/S 20th AF (Norstad) to Dir
JTG, subj: Target Information, Apr 27,
1945, and “Report of Target Committee,”
Apr 27, 1945, both in MED Records.
66. R&R CIS 20th AF (Norstad) to Dir
JTG, subj: Target Information, Apr 27,
1945, and “Report of Target Committee,”
Apr 27, 1945, both in MED Records.
67. Memos, Maj Deny and Dr. N. F.
Ramsey to Groves, subj: Summary of
Target Committee Meetings of 10 and 11
May, May 12, 1945, and Col John N.
Stone to Arnold, subj: Groves Project, Jul
24, 1945 (the Stone memo gave Arnold
the specific reasons why the cities had
been chosen, except for Kyoto, which had
by then been stricken from all lists by
Stimson), both in MED Records.
68. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, chap
19, “Choosing the Target”; see also planning
meeting records of the Target Committee
for the general course of the
509th’~ position; intvw, Arthur K. Marmor
with Brig Gen Paul W. Tibbets, Jr.,
Sep 1966, K239.0512-602, pp. 17-22.
69. Tibbets intvw, Sep 1966, pp. 17-22.
70. Stimson Diaries, entries for May 1,
2,28, 1945; Groves, Now It Can Be Told,
p. 327.
71. Stimson Diaries, entry for Jun 6,
1945.
72. Ibid., entry for Jun 19, 1945.
73. Ibid., entries for Jun 6, 19, 26-30,
1945.
74. Edward J. Drea, MacArthur’s
ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War
Against Japan, 1942-1945 (Lawrence,
460
Kans., 1992), pp 202-223. Drea’s work is
particularly useful in understanding Mac-
Arthur’s policy and command decisions in
the SWPA. It goes beyond the SWPA,
however, to open new insights into Wash-
ington’s decision to use atomic weapons,
and it should not be overlooked by a
reader interested in this subject.
75. Minutes, JCS mtg with Truman, Jun
18, 1945, NA, RG 165.
76. Ronald R. Spector, Eagle Against
the Sun (New York, 1985). p. 543.
77. Stimson Diaries, entry for Jul 2,
1945; SWPA SIB, Jul 15/16, 1945 (the
semimonthly review). For a review of the
literature (as of late 1990) relating to the
use of this weapon, see J. Samuel Walker,
“The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Histor-
iographical Update,” Diplomatic History,
winter 1990, pp. 97-1 14.
78. Stimson Diaries, entry for May 31,
1945.
79. Ltr, LeMay to Arnold, Jul25, 1945.
80. Stimson Diaries, entries for Jun
26-30, Jul 2; memo, Norstad to Arnold,
subj: Notes for Conference with Secretary
of War, Jan 2, 1945, AFHSO, Norstad
Papers, microfilm reel 328 11, frame 477;
Itr, Arnold to Lt Gen Barney M. Giles,
C/AS, Feb 16, 1945, AFHSO, Norstad
Papers, microfilm reel 3281 1. Arnold, in
writing to Giles, spelled out as clearly as
ever his position on why the B-29s had to
produce results. Having built nearly 2,000,
he could not explain satisfactorily why the
AAF could not put even 100 over a target.
See also ltr, Arnold to Brig Gen William
J. Donovan, OSS, Dec 30,1944, AFHSO,
Norstad Papers, microfilm reel 3281 1,
where Arnold noted that the B-29 opera-
tions were carried out on the basis of
information from the experience over
Germany, not on accurate intelligence of
Japan.
81. Schaffer, Wings of Judgment, chap
8. 82. Diary entry, Aug 11, 1945, LC,
Spaatz Papers, box 21; “Interim Report of
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey,” Jun 18,
1945, LC, LeMay Papers, box 1 1. See also
MacIsaac’s Strategic Bombing in World
War I1 (pp. 99-102) for a discussion of
the influence of the USSBS on the future