Piercing the Fog - Air Force Historical Studies Office

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Tools of Air Intelligence Lt. Gen. Elwood R. Quesada Brig. Gen. Orvil A. Anderson Maj. Gen. Frederick L. Anderson Lt. Gen. 0. P. Weyland A problem of particular significance to air headquarters was the strict prohibition laid down against placing indoctrinated officers in positions that might result in their capture. Since for airmen this meant no combat missions, it was certainly a reason to limit access among operations staffs. Even so, this rigid rule was violated on several occasions, including once by an AAF general who bailed out of a crippled aircraft and became a prisoner of the Lujiwuftie in June 1944. Fortunately, the Germans never interrogated him to the point of his revealing the unique information.6h Maintaining the absolute secrecy of this unique source was not the only problem SSOs and their superiors faced. Determining the significance of any given message required ingenuity and the ability to extrapolate from often incomplete clues. For one thing, ULTRA was only as good as the information the 71
Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg Maj. Gen. James H. Doolittle original German sender put into an Enigma message. If the latter was inaccurate or incomplete, so too was ULTRA. Sometimes originators were deliberately inaccurate; more often intercepted messages were incomplete either in their content or in their assessment of a situation!’ ULTRA was incomplete in the sense that BP, for all its excellence, could not intercept every German Enigma signal, and many of the signals that it did intercept were incomplete or could be only partially deciphered. While the number of signals BP sent to the field rose significantly between 1943 and 1944, what it presented often resembled a jigsaw puzzle with at least some pieces missing. Sometimes the available pieces were sufficient by themselves to recreate the total picture. More often, the blanks could be filled in only by other sources or extrapolated on the basis of what was available. Increasing the difficulty of this exploitation, particularly with regard to the enemy’s intentions, was the fact that BP only rarely intercepted communications between senior enemy headquarters and among senior commanders. Most Enigma signals contained information that related to activities or orders representing only portions of an overall operation or reorganization. The role of the intelligence officers in Hut 3 was crucial, for they determined the initial value of a given message and prepared the signals to operational commands. Not every message was forwarded to all headquarters. The typical message leaving Hut 3 contained the English translation of the German text (with emendations explaining missing words or sections) for a field commander’s consideration. Also on the message would be, whenever possible, notations putting the text into the context of previous intercepts, such as the state of the known German command organization, supply arrangement, or the like. Not all of the SSOs assigned to air headquarters agreed about the sufficiency of what their headquarters received. Some SSOs appear to have 72
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Piercing the Fog Intelligence and A
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FOREWORD WHEN JAPAN ATTACKED PEARL,
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PREFACE THE MILITARY CALAMITY IN EU
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AUTHORS ALEXANDER S. COCHRAN, Jr.,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ...
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Contents Chapter 7 Planning the Def
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Contents P-38andP-51EscortRanges ..
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Piercing the Fog entered the war, a
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Piercing the Fog prevented from dev
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Piercing the Fog that no modern air
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Piercing the Fog areas, the G-2 had
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Piercing the Fog addressed at war
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Piercing the Fog Events in the war
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Piercing the Fog The G-2-A-7 people
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Piercing the Fog many means to obta
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Piercing the Fog photography and ma
Page 35 and 36: Piercing the Fog aeronautical devel
Page 37 and 38: Piercing the Fog naval superiority
Page 39 and 40: Piercing the Fog GHQ Air Force comm
Page 41 and 42: Piercing the Fog bases would be ava
Page 43 and 44: Piercing the Fog target determinati
Page 45 and 46: Piercing the Fog Japanese Army avia
Page 47 and 48: Piercing the Fog On the other side
Page 49 and 50: Piercing the Fog completely changed
Page 51 and 52: Piercing the Fog aircraft, successf
Page 53 and 54: Piercing the Fog During 1934-1935,
Page 55 and 56: Piercing the Fog operations, the st
Page 57 and 58: Piercing the Fog headed an Air Esti
Page 59 and 60: Piercing the Fog intelligence compr
Page 61 and 62: Piercing the Fog as it left the AAF
Page 63 and 64: Piercing the Fog folders. It was wi
Page 65 and 66: Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Henry H.
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Page 72 and 73: CHAPTER 2 The Tools of Air Intellig
Page 74 and 75: Tools of Air Intelligence Italy, bu
Page 76 and 77: Tools of Air Intelligence message a
Page 78 and 79: Tools of Air Intelligence cryptogra
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Page 82 and 83: Tools of Air Intelligence and use o
Page 84 and 85: Tools of Air Intelligence that incl
Page 88 and 89: Tools of Air Intelligence believed
Page 90 and 91: Tools of Air Intelligence have take
Page 92 and 93: Tools of Air Intelligence cripple t
Page 94 and 95: Tools of Air Intelligence At the ta
Page 96 and 97: Tools of Air Intelligence variety o
Page 98 and 99: Tools of Air Intelligence emplaceme
Page 100 and 101: Tools of Air Intelligence Second-ph
Page 102 and 103: Tools of Air Intelligence tions dif
Page 104 and 105: Tools of Air Intelligence more incl
Page 106 and 107: Brig. Gen. Ira C. Eaker Tools of Ai
Page 108 and 109: Brig. Gen. George C. McDonald (Cour
Page 110 and 111: Tools of Air Intelligence continued
Page 112 and 113: Tools of Air Intelligence the most
Page 114 and 115: Tools of Air Intelligence were into
Page 116 and 117: Tools of Air Intelligence foreign o
Page 118 and 119: Tools of Air Intelligence Part of t
Page 120 and 121: Tools of Air Intelligence The resul
Page 122 and 123: Tools of Air Intelligence Washingto
Page 124: Tools of Air Intelligence interroga
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Page 129 and 130: Piercing the Fog information and th
Page 131 and 132: Creating the Office of the Assistan
Page 133 and 134: Piercing the Fog press of daily act
Page 135 and 136: Piercing the Fog technical intellig
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Piercing the Fog time, the U.S.S. P
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Piercing the Fog numbered air force
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Air Intelligence Training One of th
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Piercing the Fog The average age of
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Piercing the Fog responsive to chan
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The Air War in Europe: Organizing E
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Piercing the Fog The exception to t
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Piercing the Fog perspective of whe
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Piercing the Fog Force history cred
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Piercing the Fog these earlier esti
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Piercing the Fog Even before the No
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Piercing the Fog at sea increased.
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Piercing the Fog to construction ya
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Piercing the Fog to the Mediterrane
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Intelligence Implications for the S
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Piercing the Fog both the data and
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Piercing the Fog The visitors recei
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Piercing the Fog economy. . . .”2
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Piercing the Fog and Y intercepts a
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Piercing the Fog number of airfield
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Piercing the Fog nated photoreconna
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Piercing the Fog identified appropr
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Piercing the Fog source of British
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Piercing the Fog sance, they concen
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B Y CHAPTER 4 The European Theater
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The European Theater of Operations
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GERMANY - Railroads 185
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193
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The Combined Bomber Offensive began
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199
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I 21 1
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I AI 215
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217
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219
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After the ground breakout from the
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227
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CHAPTER 5 The Pacific and Far East,
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The Pacific and Far East In the Pac
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The Pacific and Far East On the eve
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The Pacific and Far East semiweekly
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255
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The Pacific and Far East throughout
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The Pacific and Far East strengths.
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The Pacific and Far East ments over
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The Pacific and Far East to include
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The Pacific and Far East On January
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The Pacific and Far East Guinea fro
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The Pacific and Far East altering t
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The Pacific and Far East 18, the pi
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Two of the coordinated air attacks
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The Pacific and Far East plus Navy
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The Pacifrc and Far East protection
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The Pacific and Far East from the 1
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The Pacific and Far East landing. N
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The Pacific and Far East intercept,
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The Pacific and Far East a suitable
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The Pacific and Far East four P-38s
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The Pacific and Far East Allied lea
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The Pacific and Far East Throughout
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The Pacific and Far East watchers,
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The Pacific and Far East The inform
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CHAPTER 6 Taking the Offensive: Fro
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= Enerny-Held Areas May 1944 China-
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Taking the Offensive defend the air
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Comparative Air Intelligence Functi
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Taking the Offensive extensive coor
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Taking the Offensive destroyed, but
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Eastem Fleet JIIIDIIIIIBIL I I I I
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Taking the Offensive information on
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Taking the Offensive a problem that
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Taking the Offensive field armies,
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Taking the Offensive The cooperatio
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Fourteenth Air Force B-25s bomb the
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Clai
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Taking the Offensive March 1945. Wh
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Taking the Offensive operational ai
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Will
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B-29 Operations Against Japan Takin
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Taking the Offensive The number, lo
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Taking the Offensive The list produ
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Taking the Offensive recording the
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337
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Taking the Offensive Japan. The com
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Taking the Offensive incendiaries l
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Taking the Offensive Photo of one o
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Taking the Offensive The crew of th
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Taking the Offensive The mushroom-s
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Piercing the Fog completed in Italy
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Piercing the Fog means of obtaining
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Piercing the Fog the fall of 1943,
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Organization: A-2, US. Army Air For
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Piercing the Fog the first two case
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Piercing the Fog White was quite ag
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Howard C
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Piercing the Fog similar observatio
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Piercing the Fog a Joint Staff plan
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Piercing the Fog gave the benefit o
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Piercing the Fog tions on the mix o
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Piercing the Fog Another group appo
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Piercing the Fog might endanger suc
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Piercing the Fog A difference of op
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Piercing the Fog and assessment had
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Piercing the Fog headquarters, just
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Piercing the Fog of its topography.
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Piercing the Fog duality of thinkin
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Piercing the Fog On May 31 he met w
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Piercing the Fog would have capitul
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Piercing the Fog the JIC was inform
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Piercing the Fog future, only Canad
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Piercing the Fog capabilities and t
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Piercing the Fog of a European conf
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Piercing the Fog avoid the catastro
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Piercing the Fog lacked drop tanks,
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Piercing the Fog Particularly in th
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Piercing the Fog on doing things th
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Piercing the Fog organizations, rep
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Piercing the Fog Speer’s postwar
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Piercing the Fog With the Normandy
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Piercing the Fog buildup to contest
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Piercing the Fog perhaps even could
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Piercing the Fog interpretation of
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Piercing the Fog his Fourteenth Air
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Piercing the Fog plans and B-29 ope
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Piercing the Fog Sweden’s sale to
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NOTES INTRODUCTION Notes to Pages 1
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21. Ltr, Maj Gen Mason M. Patrick,
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82. Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctr
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Notes to Pages 61-70 Second World W
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122. “Photo Intelligence,” in H
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192. Ibid., pp. 35-36. 193. Ibid.,
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view of the AAF Headquarters Air In
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Notes to Pages 145-155 151. Ltr,Eak
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supply lines to North Africa. He no
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Economic Targets in 1943,” n.d.,
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Notes to Pages 220-230 Powys-Lybbe,
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235. Haines Report, p. 104. 236. Ib
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Notes to Pages 253-259 dated May 18
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Notes to Pages 274-288 228-229. see
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864.311. 3. Ltrs, Chennault to Biss
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Wedemeyer to Chennault, Feb 4, 1945
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1. Ltr, Arnold to Hany L. Hopkins,
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and Activities in Europe”; memo,
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course of the conventional bombing
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Notes to Pages 407416 33. For examp
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A-2 AA AAF AAFPOA AAFSWPA AAI ABC A
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MAPRW MASAF MATAF MEW MID NAAF NACA
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PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS for this v
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Bibliography contains reports submi
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Bibliography invaluable. Complement
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Bibliography intelligence studies a
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Bibliography . Washington Command P
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Bibliography Kreis, John F. Air Wag
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Bibliography . The Eagle and the Su
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“Air Estimate of the Situation fo
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Index Army Reorganization Act of 19
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Index objectives, 1944,208,224 POIN
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need for technical intelligence, on
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Harris, Arthur T., 412 Harrisburg A
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incendiary bombing by, 338-42 refle
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O’Connor, William J., 88 Office o
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Index Shipping campaign mission dir
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398 clues of German offensive, 235-
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42d, 188 68th Composite, 3 18, 320
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