Piercing the Fog - Air Force Historical Studies Office

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After the ground breakout from the Normandy invasion beaches, the Allies had tactical air superiority. This photo of wrecked German equipment at the Falaise Gap shows the punch of tactical air power in support of ground forces. Below, the German fighter field at Frankfurt was peppered by the Ninth Air Force. Meanwhile, the aerial interdiction campaign continued to play havoc with German attempts to reinforce and supply their troops. This railroad bridge at Blois, France, is one of hundreds of highway and railroad bridges destroyed. 225
Piercing the Fog Eighth and Ninth Air Forces were heavily involved in these operations, the latter almost exclusively so. While their B-17s and B-24s continued to attack German aircraft factories through much of April, in May their attention turned to marshaling yards and airfields in France, Belgium, and the western part of Germany. Beginning on May 21, VIII Fighter Command's P-47~ and P-5 1 s joined the Ninth Air Force in extensive attacks on rail bridges. As part of Operation FORTITUDE, the deception plan to convince the defenders that the real attack would come in the Pas de Calais region, twice as many bombs were dropped on targets north of the Seine as were dropped to the south. Obviously, this increased the burden on intelligence as much as it did on operation^.'^^ Despite participation by the heavy bombers and their escorts, Ninth Air Force made the principal American air contribution to OVERLORD before and after D-day. As directed by Eisenhower, the Ninth's primary objective was the German transportation network in France and Belgium. In the two months before D-day, medium bombers, fighter-bombers, and strafing fighters also struck more than sixty airfields and sought to neutralize German coastal batteries. Reconnaissance elements flew more than 400 sorties against gun emplacements, beach defenses, transportation points, airfields, and other targets.lM Once the forces were ashore at Normandy, Ninth Air Force became deeply involved in the collection and analysis of intelligence, including the establishment of a SIGINT capability and mobile photoreconnaissance and analysis facilities to meet the demands for immediate responses to fluid combat situations. During preinvasion operations, however, both the Eighth and Ninth relied on previously established intelligence organization^.'^^ Photographic reconnaissance remained the primary source for monitoring static targets such as bridges, marshaling yards, and airfields. Hundreds of reconnaissance missions had pinpointed virtually every useful target within the German transportation system. As these targets became the focus of air attack, aerial reconnaissance and agent reports were the main sources of information on specific attacks and constituted the means to determine when reattacks were necessary. ULTRA provided some details on individual targets, but it was more valuable for its insight on the German assessment of conditions.'68 The location of almost all airfields in northwest Europe had been identified by a combined Anglo-American section within Air Ministry Intelligence, and a watch was maintained on them by the airfield section of the CIU as well as by the French underground. By the spring of 1944, these organizations provided not only locations but capacities, facilities, and even designations of appropriate aiming points. At the same time, SIGN followed the movement of enemy flying units. In the first week of May, ULTRA revealed the installations to which units from Germany and other regions would move in the event of an invasion. Two weeks later, it provided intelligence on the distribution of fuel, ammunition, and Results of the ongoing campaign against German airfields were revealed by all these sources. 226
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Piercing the Fog Intelligence and A
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FOREWORD WHEN JAPAN ATTACKED PEARL,
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PREFACE THE MILITARY CALAMITY IN EU
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AUTHORS ALEXANDER S. COCHRAN, Jr.,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ...
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Contents Chapter 7 Planning the Def
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Contents P-38andP-51EscortRanges ..
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Piercing the Fog entered the war, a
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Piercing the Fog prevented from dev
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Piercing the Fog that no modern air
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Piercing the Fog areas, the G-2 had
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Piercing the Fog addressed at war
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Piercing the Fog Events in the war
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Piercing the Fog The G-2-A-7 people
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Piercing the Fog many means to obta
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Piercing the Fog photography and ma
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Piercing the Fog aeronautical devel
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Piercing the Fog naval superiority
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Piercing the Fog GHQ Air Force comm
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Piercing the Fog bases would be ava
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Piercing the Fog target determinati
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Piercing the Fog Japanese Army avia
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Piercing the Fog On the other side
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Piercing the Fog completely changed
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Piercing the Fog aircraft, successf
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Piercing the Fog During 1934-1935,
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Piercing the Fog operations, the st
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Piercing the Fog headed an Air Esti
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Piercing the Fog intelligence compr
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Piercing the Fog as it left the AAF
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Piercing the Fog folders. It was wi
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Henry H.
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Piercing the Fog already promised t
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Piercing the Fog to the Philippines
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CHAPTER 2 The Tools of Air Intellig
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Tools of Air Intelligence Italy, bu
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Tools of Air Intelligence message a
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Tools of Air Intelligence cryptogra
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Tools of Air Intelligence Despite t
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Tools of Air Intelligence and use o
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Tools of Air Intelligence that incl
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Tools of Air Intelligence Lt. Gen.
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Tools of Air Intelligence believed
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Tools of Air Intelligence have take
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Tools of Air Intelligence cripple t
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Tools of Air Intelligence At the ta
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Tools of Air Intelligence variety o
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Tools of Air Intelligence emplaceme
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Tools of Air Intelligence Second-ph
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Tools of Air Intelligence tions dif
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Tools of Air Intelligence more incl
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Brig. Gen. Ira C. Eaker Tools of Ai
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Brig. Gen. George C. McDonald (Cour
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Tools of Air Intelligence continued
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Tools of Air Intelligence the most
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Tools of Air Intelligence were into
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Tools of Air Intelligence foreign o
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Tools of Air Intelligence Part of t
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Tools of Air Intelligence The resul
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Tools of Air Intelligence Washingto
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Tools of Air Intelligence interroga
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Piercing the Fog slowly and with se
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Piercing the Fog information and th
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Creating the Office of the Assistan
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Piercing the Fog press of daily act
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Piercing the Fog technical intellig
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Piercing the Fog time, the U.S.S. P
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Piercing the Fog numbered air force
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Air Intelligence Training One of th
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Piercing the Fog The average age of
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Piercing the Fog responsive to chan
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The Air War in Europe: Organizing E
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Piercing the Fog The exception to t
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Piercing the Fog perspective of whe
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Piercing the Fog Force history cred
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Piercing the Fog these earlier esti
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Piercing the Fog Even before the No
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Piercing the Fog at sea increased.
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Piercing the Fog to construction ya
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Piercing the Fog to the Mediterrane
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Intelligence Implications for the S
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Piercing the Fog both the data and
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Piercing the Fog The visitors recei
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Piercing the Fog economy. . . .”2
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Piercing the Fog and Y intercepts a
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Piercing the Fog number of airfield
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Piercing the Fog nated photoreconna
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Piercing the Fog identified appropr
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Piercing the Fog source of British
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Piercing the Fog sance, they concen
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B Y CHAPTER 4 The European Theater
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The European Theater of Operations
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Page 200 and 201: GERMANY - Railroads 185
Page 208 and 209: 193
Page 212 and 213: The Combined Bomber Offensive began
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Page 226 and 227: I 21 1
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Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 5 The Pacific and Far East,
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Page 272 and 273: The Pacific and Far East throughout
Page 274 and 275: The Pacific and Far East strengths.
Page 276 and 277: The Pacific and Far East ments over
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Page 280 and 281: The Pacific and Far East On January
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The Pacific and Far East plus Navy
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The Pacifrc and Far East protection
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The Pacific and Far East from the 1
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The Pacific and Far East landing. N
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The Pacific and Far East intercept,
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The Pacific and Far East a suitable
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The Pacific and Far East four P-38s
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The Pacific and Far East Allied lea
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The Pacific and Far East Throughout
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The Pacific and Far East watchers,
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The Pacific and Far East The inform
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CHAPTER 6 Taking the Offensive: Fro
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= Enerny-Held Areas May 1944 China-
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Taking the Offensive defend the air
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Comparative Air Intelligence Functi
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Taking the Offensive extensive coor
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Taking the Offensive destroyed, but
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Eastem Fleet JIIIDIIIIIBIL I I I I
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Taking the Offensive information on
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Taking the Offensive a problem that
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Taking the Offensive field armies,
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Taking the Offensive The cooperatio
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Fourteenth Air Force B-25s bomb the
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Clai
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Taking the Offensive March 1945. Wh
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Taking the Offensive operational ai
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Taking the Offensive Maj. Gen. Will
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B-29 Operations Against Japan Takin
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Taking the Offensive The number, lo
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Taking the Offensive The list produ
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Taking the Offensive recording the
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337
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Taking the Offensive Japan. The com
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Taking the Offensive incendiaries l
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Taking the Offensive Photo of one o
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Taking the Offensive The crew of th
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Taking the Offensive The mushroom-s
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Piercing the Fog completed in Italy
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Piercing the Fog means of obtaining
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Piercing the Fog the fall of 1943,
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Organization: A-2, US. Army Air For
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Piercing the Fog the first two case
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Piercing the Fog White was quite ag
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Piercing the Fog Maj. Gen. Howard C
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Piercing the Fog similar observatio
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Piercing the Fog a Joint Staff plan
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Piercing the Fog gave the benefit o
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Piercing the Fog tions on the mix o
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Piercing the Fog Another group appo
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Piercing the Fog might endanger suc
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Piercing the Fog A difference of op
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Piercing the Fog and assessment had
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Piercing the Fog headquarters, just
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Piercing the Fog of its topography.
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Piercing the Fog duality of thinkin
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Piercing the Fog On May 31 he met w
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Piercing the Fog would have capitul
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Piercing the Fog the JIC was inform
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Piercing the Fog future, only Canad
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Piercing the Fog capabilities and t
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Piercing the Fog of a European conf
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Piercing the Fog avoid the catastro
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Piercing the Fog lacked drop tanks,
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Piercing the Fog Particularly in th
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Piercing the Fog on doing things th
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Piercing the Fog organizations, rep
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Piercing the Fog Speer’s postwar
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Piercing the Fog With the Normandy
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Piercing the Fog buildup to contest
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Piercing the Fog perhaps even could
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Piercing the Fog interpretation of
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Piercing the Fog his Fourteenth Air
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Piercing the Fog plans and B-29 ope
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Piercing the Fog Sweden’s sale to
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NOTES INTRODUCTION Notes to Pages 1
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21. Ltr, Maj Gen Mason M. Patrick,
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82. Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctr
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Notes to Pages 61-70 Second World W
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122. “Photo Intelligence,” in H
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192. Ibid., pp. 35-36. 193. Ibid.,
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view of the AAF Headquarters Air In
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Notes to Pages 145-155 151. Ltr,Eak
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supply lines to North Africa. He no
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Economic Targets in 1943,” n.d.,
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Notes to Pages 220-230 Powys-Lybbe,
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235. Haines Report, p. 104. 236. Ib
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Notes to Pages 253-259 dated May 18
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Notes to Pages 274-288 228-229. see
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864.311. 3. Ltrs, Chennault to Biss
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Wedemeyer to Chennault, Feb 4, 1945
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1. Ltr, Arnold to Hany L. Hopkins,
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and Activities in Europe”; memo,
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course of the conventional bombing
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Notes to Pages 407416 33. For examp
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A-2 AA AAF AAFPOA AAFSWPA AAI ABC A
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MAPRW MASAF MATAF MEW MID NAAF NACA
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PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS for this v
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Bibliography contains reports submi
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Bibliography invaluable. Complement
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Bibliography intelligence studies a
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Bibliography . Washington Command P
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Bibliography Kreis, John F. Air Wag
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Bibliography . The Eagle and the Su
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“Air Estimate of the Situation fo
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Index Army Reorganization Act of 19
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Index objectives, 1944,208,224 POIN
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need for technical intelligence, on
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Harris, Arthur T., 412 Harrisburg A
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incendiary bombing by, 338-42 refle
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O’Connor, William J., 88 Office o
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Index Shipping campaign mission dir
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398 clues of German offensive, 235-
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42d, 188 68th Composite, 3 18, 320
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