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Vol.XXXVII, Suppl. 1 - Giornale Italiano di Ortopedia e Traumatologia

Vol.XXXVII, Suppl. 1 - Giornale Italiano di Ortopedia e Traumatologia

Vol.XXXVII, Suppl. 1 - Giornale Italiano di Ortopedia e Traumatologia

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BioscaffoLd E BiotEcnoLogiE nELLa chirurgia dEL rachidE<br />

Dall’analisi della letteratura e dalla nostra esperienza clinica<br />

possiamo trarre le seguenti conclusioni:<br />

1) l’autotrapianto rimane il gold standard nel favorire<br />

l’artrodesi. Però, la morbi<strong>di</strong>tà del sito <strong>di</strong> espianto rimane<br />

un problema aperto;<br />

2) il trapianto allogenico è inferiore all’osso autologo nel<br />

promuovere la neo-formazione ossea poiché non possiede<br />

le caratteristiche fondamentali <strong>di</strong> osteogenicità<br />

e osteoinduzione, ciononostante, rimane oggi una valida<br />

alternativa;<br />

3) i biomateriali ceramici permettono la fusione vertebrale<br />

con percentuale <strong>di</strong> successo accettabile con un<br />

prezzo ragionevole, pertanto, sono anch’essi una valida<br />

alternativa all’osso autologo;<br />

4) i materiali ibri<strong>di</strong> organico-inorganico hanno delle caratteristiche<br />

architettoniche (porosità e resistenza ai<br />

carichi) che favoriscono l’invasione ossea, mantenendo<br />

inalterate le caratteristiche <strong>di</strong> osteoconduttività dei<br />

materiali inorganici;<br />

5) l’associazione <strong>di</strong> concentrato <strong>di</strong> cellule midollari e<br />

Bibliografi a<br />

1 Boni M, Cherubino P, Denaro V, et al. Multiple<br />

subtotal somatectomy. Technique and<br />

evaluation of a series of 39 cases. Spine<br />

(Phila Pa 1976) 1984;9:358-62.<br />

2 Longo UG, Denaro L, Maffulli N, et al.<br />

Complication related to graft. In: Denaro L,<br />

D’Avella D, Denaro V, eds. Pitfalls in Cervical<br />

Spine Surgery. London: Springer 2010,<br />

pp. 239-81.<br />

3 Vadala G, Sowa G, Hubert M, et al. Mesenchymal<br />

stem cells injection in degenerated<br />

intervertebral <strong>di</strong>sc: cell leakage may induce<br />

osteophyte formation. J Tissue Eng Regen<br />

Med 2011 Jun 13 [Epub ahead of print].<br />

4 Vadala G, Denaro V, Kang JD. Stem cell<br />

therapy for intervertebral <strong>di</strong>sc degeneration.<br />

US Musculoskel Rev 2009;4:43-6.<br />

5 Boni M, Cherubino P, Denaro V. The surgical<br />

treatment of fractures of the cervical spine. Ital<br />

J Orthop Traumatol 1983;9(<strong>Suppl</strong>):107-26.<br />

6 Boni M, Denaro V. Surgical treatment of cervical<br />

arthrosis. Follow-up review (2-13 years)<br />

of the 1st 100 cases operated on by anterior<br />

approach. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar<br />

Mot 1982;68:269-80.<br />

7 Fischgrund JS, Mackay M, Herkowitz HN,<br />

et al. 1997 <strong>Vol</strong>vo Award winner in clinical<br />

stu<strong>di</strong>es. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis<br />

with spinal stenosis: a prospective,<br />

randomized study comparing decompressive<br />

laminectomy and arthrodesis with and<br />

without spinal instrumentation. Spine (Phila<br />

Pa 1976) 1997;22:2807-12.<br />

8 Lehmann TR, LaRocca HS. Repeat lumbar surgery.<br />

A review of patients with failure from<br />

previous lumbar surgery treated by spinal<br />

canal exploration and lumbar spinal fusion.<br />

Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1981;6:615-9.<br />

9 Banwart JC, Asher MA, Hassanein RS. Iliac<br />

crest bone graft harvest donor site morbi<strong>di</strong>ty.<br />

A statistical evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa<br />

1976) 1995;20:1055-60.<br />

10 Sengupta DK, Truumees E, Patel CK, et al.<br />

Outcome of local bone versus autogenous<br />

iliac crest bone graft in the instrumented posterolateral<br />

fusion of the lumbar spine. Spine<br />

(Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:985-91.<br />

11 Delloye C, Cornu O, Druez V, et al.<br />

Bone allografts: What they can offer and<br />

what they cannot. J Bone Joint Surg Br<br />

2007;89:574-9.<br />

12 Bae HW, Zhao L, Kanim LE, et al. Intervariability<br />

and intravariability of bone morphogenetic<br />

proteins in commercially available<br />

demineralized bone matrix products. Spine<br />

(Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:1299-306, <strong>di</strong>scussion:<br />

1307-8.<br />

13 Burkus JK, Sandhu HS, Gornet MF. Infl uence<br />

of rhBMP-2 on the healing patterns associated<br />

with allograft interbody constructs in<br />

comparison with autograft. Spine (Phila Pa<br />

1976) 2006;31:775-81.<br />

14 Tay BK, Le AX, Heilman M, et al. Use of a<br />

collagen-hydroxyapatite matrix in spinal fusion.<br />

A rabbit model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)<br />

1998;23:2276-81.<br />

15 Orii H, Sotome S, Chen J, et al. Beta-tricalcium<br />

phosphate (beta-TCP) graft combined<br />

with bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) for<br />

posterolateral spine fusion. J Med Dent Sci<br />

2005;52:51-7.<br />

16 Kai T, Shao-qing G, Geng-ting D. In vivo<br />

evaluation of bone marrow stromal-derived<br />

s197<br />

fattori <strong>di</strong> crescita dal sangue periferico (PRP) aggiungono<br />

un potere osteogenico e osteoinduttivo ai biomateriali,<br />

potenziandone la loro effi cacia;<br />

6) le BMPs hanno un enorme potenziale osteoinduttivo,<br />

ma il prezzo elevato ne limita fortemente la <strong>di</strong>ffusione<br />

e l’utilizzo;<br />

La progettazione <strong>di</strong> un bioscaffold ideale che emuli la<br />

naturale struttura e funzione del tessuto osseo rimane ancora<br />

oggi una sfi da. Nuove tecnologie <strong>di</strong> fabbricazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> materiali ibri<strong>di</strong>, organico/inorganico, con architetture<br />

controllate, associate a meto<strong>di</strong>che <strong>di</strong> rilascio <strong>di</strong> fattori<br />

osteoinduttivi possono superare le limitazioni dagli attuali<br />

sostituti. Le cellule staminali dell’adulto espanse ex vivo ed<br />

associate ai bioscaffolds hanno il potenziale <strong>di</strong> generare<br />

dei costrutti ingegnerizzati tali da eguagliare le caratteristiche<br />

dell’osso autologo.<br />

I costi e la sicurezza <strong>di</strong> queste nuove biotecnologie devono<br />

essere tenuti sempre in considerazione, ricordando<br />

l’attuale superiorità dell’osso autologo nell’ottenere stabili<br />

artrodesi.<br />

osteoblasts-porous calcium phosphate ceramic<br />

composites as bone graft substitute<br />

for lumbar intervertebral spinal fusion. Spine<br />

(Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:1653-8.<br />

17 Epstein NE. A preliminary study of the effi<br />

cacy of Beta Tricalcium Phosphate as a<br />

bone expander for instrumented posterolateral<br />

lumbar fusions. J Spinal Disord Tech<br />

2006;19:424-9.<br />

18 Dai LY, Jiang LS. Single-level instrumented<br />

posterolateral fusion of lumbar spine with<br />

beta-tricalcium phosphate versus autograft:<br />

a prospective, randomized study with<br />

3-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)<br />

2008;33:1299-304.<br />

19 Neen D, Noyes D, Shaw M, et al. Healos<br />

and bone marrow aspirate used for lumbar<br />

spine fusion: a case controlled study comparing<br />

healos with autograft. Spine (Phila Pa<br />

1976) 2006;31:E636-40.<br />

20 Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction.<br />

Science 1965;150:893-9.<br />

21 Vadala G, Di Martino A, Tirindelli MC, et al.<br />

Use of autologous bone marrow cells concentrate<br />

enriched with platelet-rich fi brin on<br />

corticocancellous bone allograft for posterolateral<br />

multilevel cervical fusion. J Tissue Eng<br />

Regen Med 2008;2:515-20.<br />

22 Walsh WR, Loefl er A, Nicklin S, et al. Spinal<br />

fusion using an autologous growth factor gel<br />

and a porous resorbable ceramic. Eur Spine<br />

J 2004;13:359-66.<br />

23 Siebrecht MA, De Rooij PP, Arm DM, et al.<br />

Platelet concentrate increases bone ingrowth<br />

into porous hydroxyapatite. Orthope<strong>di</strong>cs<br />

2002;25:169-72.<br />

24 Carreon LY, Glassman SD, Anekstein Y, et al.

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