Повний текст - Інститут проблем сучасного мистецтва

The distinctive features of the fine arts in the Soviet Ukrainefor life compelled to obedience and work with the ruled canons. This can be saidnot only about the USSR. In the early thirties Hitler dispersed and actuallydestroyed Bauhaus, the most interesting architecture laboratory in Europe. Theresistance to the regime ended in 1932 after the mass arrests of the intellectuals(at the same time the heroic realism was arising in Italy, Spain and Germany) andthe overwhelming majority of the painters agreed and practiced the academicianrealistic means in the work composition, color texturing and subject. The exhibitionsof the second half of the thirties in Moscow and Kyiv proved the total triumphof the new trend. According to Leni Riefenstahl, hundreds (!) of artistsstood in line to the Hitler’s office with the proposals to immortalize the brightimages. The works of creators of Berlin, Moscow, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Madrid andRome became rather similar in the main trends. The mass media of that period— newspapers, radio, later cinematography and television — helped the new artbecome plain. In reality, the adjustment of art predilections and moods was goingon not that primitively as it may be seen from the first sight. The role of a state inits influence in submission of the intellectuals acquired the unprecedented traits.The comparative characteristics of the totalitarian German NationalSocialism and the Soviet socialism that enveloped the whole Europe still remainswithout the final conclusions; as to the aspect of destroying the national elite,cultural heritage, literature and fine arts, each of the totalitarian regimes —German, Italian, Spanish, Russian or Ukrainian — had its own «style» features.In the struggle for the intellectuals, fascism and National Socialism used to loseto Bolshevism. The widespread opinion that their relations with the intellectualswere characterized by mutual hostility and estrangement is rather simple. It isjust enough to mention the names of F. Marinetti, d’Annunzio, E. Pound,K. Hamsun, H. Benn and others. The famous phrase «when I hear the word «culture»,I reach for my gun», which is deliberately assigned to Hitler, Gebbels orGoering, belongs to a character of the play of Nazi dramatist H. Johst and speaksof the culture that was never accepted by the Nazism. Any Soviet official couldhave also possibly said such words. Armed with the public opinion the Germansburned out books, organized exhibitions «Degenerative Art» and suppressedmostly foreign cultural figures. The majority of the non-Aryan architectures ofBauhaus were able to leave the country after its closing. The totalitarian governmentused to rely on the mass support. Thus, the sad conclusion proves that thetotalitarian regime, irrespective of the country of origin, destroys the culture.587