Maart 2013: jaargang 10, nommer 1 - LitNet

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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 10 (1), Maart 2013 The second main part of the article also devotes attention to the phenomenon that external and internal political pressures sometimes influence the way in which a court deals with disputes it is called upon to adjudicate. Some cases in which the court was under political pressure are identified and discussed and I conclude that the court has acted mostly appropriately in politically precarious situations. In AZAPO political controversy put theMakwanyane framework dictum under considerable strain and almost abrogated it by disuse! But a series of cases followed in which the Makwanyane framework dictum was carefully restored and observed, and more than just damage control was done in acknowledging the dictum’s significance. International law plays a distinctly formative role in constitutional and statutory interpretation and enriches municipal law. This phenomenon is also considered in the second main part of the article and it is shown that the court’s eagerness to rely on and/or apply international law has in some instances even resulted in the formation of new law per errorem! The third main part is about issues pertinent to the theory and practice of constitutional comparativism. Attention is devoted to a discussion of the debate between judges and academics who believe in, and add considerable value to, the endeavour of constitutional comparison (the protagonists) and those who do not share – and actually oppose – this belief (the antagonists). A very important point that the protagonists make is that comparative work helps judges to interrogate their own prejudices and question their assumptions. An example is provided of how foreign (case) law – through the exercise of comparison – could enrich South African law on the interpretation of enacted law texts. One of the challenges constitutional comparativists (especially in South Africa) face is that of coming to grips with what it means to be a comparative example of some significance among quite a number of (other) new constitutional democracies with their democratic constitutions in an era of ever increasing globalisation. The novelty tag here is often hung around the neck of jurisdictions with post-World War II constitutions riding the “third wave of democratisation”. A second challenge for constitutional comparativists (and scholars in particular) is to reflect thoroughly on, to develop and to refine methods of constitutional comparativism. There is widespread agreement that theory is still one of the weaker points of constitutional comparativism as a developing discipline. Comparativism is also significant in the development of the law as such and I explain how, for instance, there is much to learn from European examples about the interpretation of enacted law and especially the use of the socalled Savigny Quartet. The challenges mentioned above do not undo positive milestones that have been achieved. What has been published on comparative constitutionalism in South Africa is not much, but is of a high quality, especially the work of scholars like Van der Walt, Botha and Venter. 3
LitNet Akademies Jaargang 10 (1), Maart 2013 Botha’s work is significant in that he meticulously identifies and describes inherently different versions of the relationship between “the newer comparativism” and the globalisation of constitutionalism. Van der Walt writes extensively and incisively about constitutional property and does so from a comparative perspective. The honour of drafting an agenda for the comparativist debate is probably Venter’s – he has authored the only two books on constitutional comparativism in South Africa thus far. Keywords: bill of rights; binding international law; constitution; constitutional comparativism; constitutional comparison; constitutional democracy; constitutional interpretation; constitutionalism; foreign law; framework dictum; generations of human rights; globalisation; international law; Makwanyane guidelines; migration; national context; national reconciliation; new constitutions; non-binding international law; provisions construing the Constitution; Savigny methods/quartet; section 232 Constitution; section 233 Constitution; section 39(1) Constitution; socio-economic rights; statutory interpretation transnational context; transnational contextualisation; transplant; travaux préparatoires 1. Inleidende opmerkings en verduidelikings Ingevolge artikel 39(1) van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996 moet “[b]y die uitleg van die Handves van Regte 1 [...] ’n hof, tribunaal of forum die volkereg in ag neem” (artikel 39(1)(b)) en kan so ’n instansie “buitelandse reg in ag neem” (artikel 39(1)(c)). (In die Engelse teks van die Grondwet heet dit “must” en “may consider” “international law” en “foreign law” onderskeidelik.) Hierdie bepalings gee erkenning aan die feit dat die handves van regte, en trouens die Grondwet as ’n geheel, (óók) ingebed is in ’n transnasionale werklikheid wat ver verby sowel die geografies as die regs- en grondwetlik gedefinieerde grense van “die Republiek van Suid-Afrika” strek. Die aandag van alle en veral ook regterlike grondwetsvertolkers word, op gesag van die oppermagtige Grondwet self, op hierdie konteks gevestig deur inagneming van volkereg by handvesvertolking te vereis en inagneming van buitelandse reg, na eie goedvinde, te veroorloof. Die 1996-Grondwet (ook soms die finale Grondwet of bloot die Grondwet genoem) het op 4 Februarie 1997 in werking getree en is voorafgegaan deur – en aangeneem en in die lewe geroep kragtens bepalings van – die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Wet 200 van 1993 (ook die oorgangs- of interim Grondwet genoem) wat op 27 April 1994 in werking getree het om ’n tydvak van konstitusionele demokrasie (oftewel konstitusionalisme) in Suid-Afrika in te lui. Artikel 35(1) van hierdie Grondwet was die voorganger van artikel 39(1)(b) en (c) van die 1996- Grondwet – wel ’n bietjie anders bewoord maar soortgelyk in substansie. 2 Artikel 39(1)(b) moet saamgelees word met artikel 233 van die Grondwet wat van elke hof wat wetgewing vertolk, vereis om voorkeur te gee aan enige redelike wetsvertolking wat bestaanbaar is met die volkereg, bo enige ander vertolking wat onbestaanbaar is daarmee. Daar was geen soortgelyke bepaling in die oorgangsgrondwet nie. Artikel 231 van die 1996- Grondwet handel oor internasionale ooreenkomste en die bindingskrag van die volkereg wat uit sulke ooreenkomste voortspruit. Die voorgangers van artikel 231 was artikel 231(1)-(3) 4
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