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124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 23 That's all there is. Laj yech yepal 7un. Throughout this reminiscence Xun addresses me as "cornpadre" because I am his grandson's godfather. Xun's long account of the wars that he has witnessed or heard of is extremely difficult to follow, even for someone familiar with the terrain and the history of the area. In no case does he show the slightest awareness of the political issues involved. It just amounts to fear and hardship relived again and again, with a very small dose of adventure added. The first war involving The Bird in 1911 was described more fully by Xun twelve years earlier in Tale 116. He assigns the name Salvador to The Bird, whose real name was Jacinto. He can no longer remember the last name of the Chamulan who offered his daughters or younger sisters to him, but the story follows the same outline. The first action occurs at Juteb Chauk, the cave where, in Romin Teratol's Tale 104, the <strong>Lo</strong>ng Hair is defeated and the road is opened. A Chamulan account echoes Xun's remarks on how the Chamulans took their compatriots to the courthouse and from there dumped them in the lake nearby. The Chamulan narrator tells too of a makeshift guillotine fashioned with a huge axe head that saw much use behind the courthouse wall (Gossen, T78). The second war, the War of St. Rose fought in 1869-1870, is described more fully by Xun in Tale 117. The third battle cited by Xun may date from 1863, when General Ortega, representing the imperialist capital of San Cristobal, marched on Chiapa with 1300 men to defeat the liberal government in Tuxtla. On 20 and 21 October the Chiapanecs, outnumbered by more than 3 to 1, repulsed the imperialist army. On 4 January 1864 Julian Grajales, general of the liberal forces, defeated the imperialists in Ixtapa, pursuing them up to San Cristobal, where they were finally subdued on 22 January after an eleven-day siege. I have been unable to place historically the fourth battle, in which Xun was a courier. Nor could I identify General Flores. As this affair preceded General Pineda's involvement, it must have occurred prior to 1920, when there were frequent skirmishes between the revolutionary government in Tuxtla and the conservative resistance movement in San Cristobal. The fifth engagement centers on General Alberto Pineda. (Who knows why Xun changed his last name to Espinosa?) Xun shares none of the admiration for Pineda that many Indians felt. Though Pineda represented the San Cristobal Ladinos, who wished only to keep the Indians under heel, his resourcefulness became legendary. It is said that he escaped detection many times dressed as an Indian charcoal maker. When I first lived in San Cristobal in 1959, General Pineda, then in his 90s, could often be seen taking walks in the plaza. Xun's account begins in April just before the battle of Ixtapa. For Petul Tzu and his two companions to venture into the lowlands near Chiapa to join the army could be dangerous, so they took the precaution of posing as snail gatherers. Since fresh Once the Spook, well, he had a fight with the Zinacantecs. Two of them slept in a cave. "Oh, I don't know why I'm afraid. Man, what if something should come!" said one of them. The Spook and The Girl from Magdalenas T123 water snails are customarily gathered by Zinacantecs as a Lenten delicacy, this was a good front. When they were finally enrolled in the army, the wage of twenty pesos a day must have seemed phenomenal. When Xun met the Chamulans on the road, it was obvious from their mangoes that they had been to the lowlands and not merely down the road apiece to Muk'ta Jok' as they claimed. The posol that they were drinking is a refreshing drink of corn dough mixed in water. After Xun learned the news, he and nineteen other Zinacantecs left the Center to join up with Petul Tzu half way to Ixtapa in Tzoj Lum or, as it is known in Spanish, Tierra Colorada. He remembers that they were camped about a week there with the government soldiers. This corresponds very well to the information provided by General Bravo Izquierdo that his forces chased 300 of the Pinedists from Tierra Colorada to Zinacantan Center on the afternoon of 24 April. They remained in Tierra Colorada until 1 May, when they launched their attack on Pineda in the Center. General Izquierdo deployed his troops under the eyes of the governor of Chiapas. Eleven hundred Pinedists were camped in the hills on the northwest flank of the Center while another 400 were camped in San Felipe. As before, General Izquierdo used a three-pronged attack that, according to Xun, was preceded by Zinacantec scouting activities. The Ventana, the pass leading from Zinacantan Center to San Cristobal and the scene of so many battles through the ages, was finally gained at noon by General Izquierdo after five hours of engagement. The Obregonists lost six men, the Pinedists, 25. The army of Pineda scattered, fleeing to the far side of San Cristobal. The heroic Petul Tzu, named magistrate of Zinacantan when the incumbent abandoned his office, I recall as a tall, shuffling old man, who in 1959 used to beg rides from me, wagging his tortoise head and smiling unctuously. But for many years he had shared with Xun Vaskis the political reins of his hamlet Naben Chauk. Printed words can not convey the incredulous pain in Xun's voice as he described the government soldiers emptying the jugs of their precious cane liquor, pouring it on the ground—an act as senseless and irreverant to a Zinacantec as it would be for a Frenchman forced to witness soldiers pulling corks on jeroboams of Chateau Mouton-Rothschild. There is no mention in historical sources of airplanes being downed. But the battles of San Francisco and Yerbabuena on 18 June 1924 were as fierce as Xun intimates. General Pineda marshalled 1800 soldiers to confront General Izquierdo and his army of 1000 men. The hopelessness of the conservative resistance must have become apparent, though, for the Pinedists were routed, losing 60 men against the Obregonist's loss of only nine. This marked the final major battle of the Revolution in Chiapas. See also T14, T22, T28, T66, T112, T148, T152, T153, and their notes. Bweno, 7a li vo7ne che7e, 7a li j7ik'ale che7e, bweno, 76ra 7un, 7a li 7ispasik pletu xchi7uk i Tzinakanta ta nail ch'en 7ivayik cha7-vo7. "Jii, mu jna7 k'u yu7un chixi7, 76mbre, 7a ti 7o la k'u xtale," xi li june.
"What are you scared of? What the hell, are you blue-assed? [do you wear women's skirts]?" said the other. "So—nofabitch, but I don't know. You be brave!" "I am brave, man. Put a lot of firewood on. Good. Are you blue-assed? What are you scared of, man?" he said. [The other] was very scared. He was chilled. Oh, la—te at night the Spook came whoo—shing down. He saw the fire gleaming in the cave. There is a field there. He set down his pack there. He went in to talk to them. Oh, hell, as for the brave man, his ass was sopping wet now. He had pissed on himself. To the man who [first] had been scared—"What's up, friend? What are you doing?" said the Spook. "Sir, I'm not doing anything." "I'll warm myself." "Fine, warm yourself, sir," he said. "Do you want a smoke?" asked [the Spook]. "I'll smoke," said [the man]. He was given a cigarette. He crumbled it up like this. He just wasted it. He crumbled it up this way. "Bastard, what are you doing to your cigarette? Hell, I haven't finished one," said [the Spook]. "Well, sir, I'm smoking the way I always smoke. Hell, I'll smoke," he said. Well, [the Spook] gave him another. Three cigarettes he took. "You bastard, this kind of act is no good. Bastard, you'll see! Do you want to fight?" "Well, fight if you know how to fight, sir, but me, I don't know how to fight. I'm just sitting here warming myself," he said. The bastard [the Zinacantec] had a goo—d stick. What a man! Well, you see, "You bastard!" said [the Spook]. "<strong>Lo</strong>ok here, whose bastard? Hell, I'm not your bastard, because your hair is so kinky, you bastard," said the man. "Well, wait, I'll draw a line." [The Spook] drew the line. It was made now. "Well, stand here," said [the Spook]. "Fine," he replied. [The Spook] rose up. He had a sword. He thrust it point downwards like this. But he thrust it into the ground. The man whacked him two, three times right off when he rose up. Well, you see, he came down. He grew weaker and weaker. Now he rose up only a little bit. [The man] hit his legs. He was the same distance as a bird. He came down to the ground. But the "brave" man's pi—ss was just pouring out. Oh, nothing could be done, the bastard's filth ran out [as he watched from the distance]. Then [the Spook] died. His [teeth] were ba—red in XUN VASKIS 125 "K'u chaxi7 7o, karajo, mi yax-balan 7achak?" xi la li jun 7une. "Pu—ta, pero mu jna7 to tzotzan me kik vo7ote!" "Tzotzon, 76mbre, 7ak'o 7ep si7, bweno, mi yax-balan 7achake, kere, k'u chaxi7 7o, 76mbre?" xi la. Xi7 ta j-mek 7ak'bat sik. 7Iii, na—x la 7ak'ubal xjumume—t xa tal li j7ik'al 7une, 7iyil ti xnopet k'ok' ta nail ch'ene, 7oy te stentej 7une, te spuman i yikatz 7une. Bweno, 7och k'oponel 7un, jii, kavron 7a ti much'u tzotz vinike pitz'il xa xchak 7isk'ab ta sba, 7a li much'u xi7 7une - "7Iday, 7amigo, k'u xi?" "Senyor, mu k'u xi." "Chik'atin," xi la. "Bweno, k'atinan, senyor," xi. "Mi chasik'olaj?" xi. "Chisik'olaj," xi la. 7Ak'bat jun ssik'ole xi stuch'ilane naka xch'ay xi stuch'ilane. "Kavron, k'u chacha71e lasik'ole, 76mbre karajo, vo7one yilel mu xlaj jun," xi. "Pwes senyor, chisik'olaj che7e, pwes k'u x7elan ta jpas fumar che7e, karajo, chisik'alaj," xi. Bweno, 7iyak'be xa jun ja7 no 7ox yech, 7iyak'be xa jun, 7oxib 7un 7istzak sik'alal. "Kavron, chak H7e muk' lek 7amanya, kavron, xak'el avil mi xak'an xitajinotik." "Pwes tajinan mi xana7 xatajine, senyor, yan i vo7one mu jna7 xitajin Ii7 no 7ox chotolon chik'atine," xi la 7un. Bweno, kavron le—k jun te7 jijo la chingada vinik. Bweno, va7i 7un, "Kavron!" xi la. "Ke k'usi kavron mu 7akavronikon, karajo, ja7 to yu7un ti batz'i muruch' 7ajole, kavron," xi li vinike. "Bweno, malao ta xkak' jun raya." 7Iyak' jun raya 7un, pasbil xa 7un. "Bweno va71an Ii7 toe," xi la. "Bweno," xi la. Muy 7un, yespara 7un, xi la tz'ukul 7ispaj yalel xi toe. Bu, lumtik tzpaj 7un, 7a li vinike lek tzt'inbe cha7-moj 7ox-moj ta 7ora k'al chmuye. Bweno, va7i 7un, yal tal k'unib k'unib ta j-mek pek'el xa muy 7un, 7ismajbe yok yech snatil chak k'u cha7al jun mut 7une, yal tal ta lumtik 7un, pero 7a ti buch'u tzotz vinike solel xchorchon sk'a—b, 7ii, mu xa k'u xavut jelav yila7al kavron. Bweno pwes, cham 7un, solel ch'ivi—1 xa sil 7ik'al
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Of Cabbages and Kings TALES FROM ZI
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FRONTISPIECE: Disguised Aztec merch
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ABSTRACT Laughlin, Robert M. Of Cab
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iv SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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VI SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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Acknowledgments It seemed a logical
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Epigraph "I see nobody on the road,
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GENESIS A second expectation create
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he himself made no connection betwe
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nineteen townships in the state of
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8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTH
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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Linguistic Notes In order to make t
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228 he reached the place where the
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I'm sorry to say it was pretty well
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356 So he tossed his hair upwards.
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Postscript "Talk of many things, ..
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Acala 7Ach' Jtek-lum 7Ak'ol Mukenal
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Number Page 1. Romin Teratol 17 2.
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Aarne, Antti Amatus 1928. The Types
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Maps Nearly all the local place nam
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