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300 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY NUMBER 23 You see, that's how the road was opened up. The people were able to enter now. But [before] we couldn't travel. Even if you went just this distance, you were sure to be wounded. Either you were just wounded or you died there. Now one man came with an arrow sticking in his back or his ribs, I don't know where. He came back that way, but the blood was pouring out of the poor guy now. That's why, when that remedy was found, there weren't any more problems. So the one who opened up the road won. The road has been open ever since. People come and go everywhere. Now nobody wins anymore. If you know what to do—anyone, even Spooks, are afraid of that medicine. Maybe it was, maybe it was, eh, I don't know if it was twenty-five or twenty years ago. Eh, it was twenty-five or twenty-six, something like that, like 7Antun's age, since I heard my mother say that that remedy was very useful. If a person is sick, if we have a toothache, then my mother stuck it in [her mouth]. Me, I get sick to my stomach from it. I don't want to [take it]. I don't want to [take it]. I can't get used to it. Of course my mother, when she had [a toothache], she stuck it in her mouth. She held it in her mouth. She just spat and spat, but it soothes it, they say. It calms the toothache. Me, I can't take it, it makes me sick to my stomach. It was my late mother who told me that it is medicine. "Chief' is what we call it. Tonik's account of the <strong>Lo</strong>ng Hairs posed formidable translation problems that have not been entirely resolved, but I believe that the direction of trade was from Zinacantan to Tenejapa by salt merchants, as it still is very occasionally, and from Tenejapa north to Simojovel and south to San Cristobal. An unstable monetary situation in the Chiapas highlands persisted into the era of the Revolution when Guatemalan currency was still much in evidence. The Cabrera was a Guatemalan peso minted from 1850 to 1870. Although the <strong>Lo</strong>ng Hairs of this tale are highwaymen, they are identified as Lacandons rather than as the devils, alternately known as Jvalopat-7ok or Turnabout Foot, who figure in other tales (T95, T104, T158). I have translated Bankilal, the euphemistic name for tobacco, as "chief." Bankilal means "older brother" or "senior," as in a senior partner, but it can also mean "'chief as bankilal j7ilol, "chief shaman." There seems to be no way to trace this legend to historical events. It is possible that it recalls conflicts with the Lacandons whose raids during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries terrorized the people of Ocosingo and Comitan. Numerous campaigns were waged to subject the Indians of the lowland jungle area of Chiapas. The first expedition in 1559 was manned in part by Zinacantecs. By order of the royal Audience six hundred Indians were summoned from Chiapa and two hundred from Cinacantlan, and Gonzalo Dovalle, nobleman of that city and one of the first and principal founders of Santiago de Guatemala [Guatemala City] was named captain of the Spanish forces. The Spaniards were a noble, splendid people such as that city was accustomed to. And a great number of Indians were necessary to carry the equipment, including a mountain of every kind of provision, Va7i la, k'u cha7al 7ijam 7o ech'el ti be ta j-mek 7une, 7i ch7och xa 7o ti krixchano pero yu7un la mu stak' chixanavotik 7ak' 7o la mi xi snatil chabate yu7un ta pwersa chayayij 7un, mi yayijel no 7ox, 7o mi yu7un la te chacham. 7Ora, taj June matz'al la tal taj p'ilom te7 mi ta spat mi ta xch'elop, ja7 mu jna7 buy. Va7i 7un, yul tal la yech, pero tich'ich'e x7okin xa la yu7un ti prove 7une, yech'o xal 7un ti 7a taj k'alal 7isa7bat taj spoxil 7un taje muk' sk'oplal, ja7 7ispas kanal li buch'u sjam ech'el be 7une, 7asta ke k'al tana jamem 7o lavi, xtal xbat skotol balamil krixchanoe, mu xa bu, mu xa buch'u spas kanal. Va7i 7un, junuk la taj yu7un 7ava7yojbe lek smelole che7e, 7asta j7ik'al xxi7 7o yu7un taj pox taje, ja7 to nan 7o to nan 7ee, mu jna7 mi vente-sinko mi vente jabil, 7ee, vente-sinko mi vente-ses k'u xi ja7 chak k'u cha7al sjabilal li 7Antune, k'u ti ja7 yaloj ka7i ti jme7 7une, ti ja7 la xtun ta j-mek taj pox 7un taje, junuk mi 7ip, 7ip i jk'uxben chontike, ja7 7ixch'ikbe ti jme7e, 7a li vo7one yu7un chtal 7o xenel, mu jk'an, mu jk'an mu snop ko7on. Va7i 7un, 7a ti jme7 a7a, ta xa7i stik' ta ye, te yumoj ja7 no 7ox chtuban chtuban pero xch'ab 7o la xalik xch'ab 7o la li k'uxben chone, 7a li vo7one mu xkuch ku7un 7un, chtal xenel, 7a li ja7 niyalbe ti 7anima jme7 7un, ti ja7 la li pox 7un Ie7e, bankilal sbi ku7untikotik 7un. wheat, meat, jerked beef, corn and other vegetables . Chiapa and Cinacantlan named their captains and mustered their people. They fashioned elegant banners and drums and finely embellished trumpets. With their scarlet suits and headdresses they showed to good advantage indeed. They made weapons for all the soldiers; lances, bows and arrows, bucklers and padded armor, or coats of mail, and hoods, all at the expense of their people. And they comported themselves with such authority that they appeared in reviews like veteran soldiers from Italy. And shortly before Lent all those from Chiapa came by way of Cinacantlan—captains and soldiers and three Indian youths, sons of chiefs, with arquebuses. And every soldier was equipped with a big gourd for transporting water across uninhabited areas and through the woods. [The gourds served] as well for floats to help them swim across lakes and rivers. They passed muster in Cinacantlan before the monks, and together with the people from there they marched as an army to the city [San Cristobal] where they provided a spectacular parade. From there they all went to Comltlan. Gonzalo Dovalle and the Spaniards, accompanied them until they reached that town where Judge Ramirez was waiting with the Spanish people from Guatemala. Never before had they seemed so elegant or splendid. One could not believe what they had spent for this expedition on suits, crests, pavilions and such things. It is sufficient to say that neither they nor their sons could afford it, since even now there are many houses taxed for their engagement in this expedition. There were so many Indian porters that the places where they passed suffered considerable damage. They also brought from Guatemala a thousand Indian warriors. They were sturdy, bold people, though not very showy or polished. The Spaniards who brought them were not a little discomfited to see those from Chiapa so polished and well dressed. And Captain Gonzalo Dovalle was greatly encouraged by the incomparability and gallantry of his soldiers. Those from Cinacantlan arrived in perfect order at the camp of the
Spaniards, and as they came neatly and elegantly they made a good impression. The Judge came forth with all the Spaniards to receive them and all rejoiced to see them (Remesal, 1932:396-397). The trappings for two barges were carried into the jungle and one barge was actually launched on the Laguna de Lacandon. After putting several towns to the torch, the expedition continued downstream from Pochutla. The Spaniards on rafts were guided by Indians on reed mats who shot their arrows as they maneuvered the rafts, diving underwater to defend themselves from enemy arrows. Some were said to have swum a whole league. A hundred and fifty captives were taken to Guatemala City, including the chief and high priest, but the chief escaped immediately, and he was followed soon after by all the rest! In fact, the victorious Indians gained very little for their efforts: There was an Indian who rather than enter the town empty-handed, which would have been a disgrace returning from war, stuffed a small basket, called chicubite [chiquihuite], with stones. The weight made him sweat profusely. And in this manner he entered as proudly as if he had triumphed in Rome. His enjoyment did not last long. His wife, being greedy for the riches which she thought her husband had brought from battle, opened the chicubite, and as she hurried after him she also hurled the stones at the man who had brought home such gems. The people of Cinacantlan remained rather complaining because they were given no rewards. A few years later they were joined by those of Chiapa because a judge confiscated the halberds saying that these were no weapons for Once there was a man who was probably a relative of the one I finished talking about [in T81]. I said that there was a woman. That woman turned into a Charcoal Cruncher. She would get up every [night]. She would get up every [night], "Oh why do you do that so much, wife? What do you get up to look for so often? Why do you do this?" he asked. Every time that man got up, her head stuck on again. "Where are you going?" Her awful head wouldn't answer. The man would just hear her gna—wing their charcoal at the fireside. She was crunching it or else you hear her bumping around now behind the house if there wasn't any charcoal at the fireside. At whatever house she went to crunch charcoal she would arrive bumping about, scaring people outside the house, next to the house, or wherever she arrived. She would look for houses where she was known. She went there to crunch [charcoal] because she thought maybe she wouldn't be killed there. But you see the awful man was sick and tired of it. "I don't know what to do. I'm terribly tired of it, it seems," the man told his mother. "I'm not pleased with the awful woman. I'm just sick and tired of her. I'm dying of fright, mother. I'm scared to death, mother. In the night you feel the awful woman, just her shorn off ugly butt, nothing to talk to. You think you'll rest her head on your arm. Where would you TONIK NIBAK 301 Another Charcoal Cruncher T82 Indians, that they belonged to the King. Accordingly he sent them to Guatemala (Remesal, 399-400). Zinacantecs accompanied the missionary expedition of Feliciano Bravo in 1573 from Tenosique into the Peten (Scholes and Roys, 1948:492). As late as 1695 a final expedition against the Lacandons was led by the President of Guatemala himself. The Lacandons' skill with bow and arrow, their long hair, and their "wild" ways cast them into a demonic role in folk memory. Even in Panajachel, far from the Lacandon homeland, they live on as black, horned, cannibals of the underworld (Tax, 1950, T126, T150). Their cannibal nature is known in Santa Eulalia, where they are credited with the power of flight "like buzzards." (La Farge, 1931:65-68). The Uspantec, too, are familiar with Lacandon cannibals (Shaw, 1972:235). Chamulans speak of their long hair and their shapeless dress which completely conceals their identity as man or woman. But beneath those dresses, according to the Chamulans, the Lacandon men boast virile members of gargantuan proportions. Mountain lions are their dogs and jaguars their cats. According to one account, their name Lakanton [Boil Stone] is derived from their reputed custom of cooking stones as if they were eggs (Gossen, T168). The use of tobacco as a protector on the roads was widespread in Chiapas and Guatemala. A tale from Panajachel tells of a priest who was released from the coils of a boa constrictor by the timely application of tobacco (Tax, 1950, T14). See also T127 and notes. 7O la jun vinik ti vo7ne, ja7 no la xchi7il sbaik 7ilaj li chkal 7ijlo7ilta ti 7oy jun 7antz, 7a li taj 7antz 7une, va7i 7un, 7ipas ta jk'ux-7ak'al la 7un, ta la xlik batel chlik batel. "7An k'u no 7ox toj chapas, 7antz, 7an k'u no 7ox toj xlik 7asa7, k'u no 7ox yu7unot?" xi la 7un. 7Oy sjol xa la stabe ta tzakel ti k'alal chlik taj vinik 7une. "Bu chabat?" Mu la xtak'av taj smu jol 7une, k'ajom la cha7ibe ti vinik 7une, xjep'ep'e—t xa la ti yak'al ta ti7 k'ok' 7une, chk'ux la 7un, mi mo7oje, ja7 la xava7i ti xpujlajet xa ta pat na ti mi ch'abal 7ak'al tzti7 sk'ok'e, ja7 la ti bu nail chba sk'ux ti 7ak'ale, xpujlajet xa chk'ot sibtasvanuk ta spana, ta xxokon na, sna skumale mi bu la xk'ot, ja7 la tza7 ti bu nail bu x7ojtikine, ja7 la te chbat xk'ux porke ja7 nan yo7 ti mu xmile 7o ti chal 7une. Bu xavil 7un, va7i 7un, tavan la xa7i ti mu vinik 7une. Va7i 7un, "Mu jna7 k'u ta jnop batz'i chtavan ya7el," xut la sme7 ti vinik 7une. "7A li mu 7antze, muk' lek chkil batz'i ta xa xtavan xka7i, xi7el xa chicham 7o 7un, me7, xi7el xa chilaj 7o 7un, me7, xava7i ta 7ak'ubaltike, yech mokol sil chak ti mu 7antze, mu k'usi chak'opon chak'echbe sjol chavale, bu lata, ch'abal sjol ti 7antze, yil mok-chak 7antz,
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Of Cabbages and Kings TALES FROM ZI
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FRONTISPIECE: Disguised Aztec merch
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ABSTRACT Laughlin, Robert M. Of Cab
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iv SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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VI SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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Acknowledgments It seemed a logical
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Epigraph "I see nobody on the road,
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GENESIS A second expectation create
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he himself made no connection betwe
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nineteen townships in the state of
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8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTH
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANT
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Linguistic Notes In order to make t
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Romin Tan-chak comes of a well-to-d
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Xun Vaskis FIGURE 2.—Xun Vaskis,
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FIGURE 7.—Tonik Nibak, 1961 (phot
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172 boy told me, my companion, my n
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228 he reached the place where the
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356 So he tossed his hair upwards.
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Postscript "Talk of many things, ..
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Acala 7Ach' Jtek-lum 7Ak'ol Mukenal
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Number Page 1. Romin Teratol 17 2.
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Aarne, Antti Amatus 1928. The Types
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Maps Nearly all the local place nam
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