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the travaux préparatoires hague rules hague-visby rules - Comite ...

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244 COMITE MARITIME INTERNATIONALThe Travaux Préparatoires of <strong>the</strong> Hague and Hague-Visby Rulesdique, le connaissement fait foi, mais ilpourra faire la preuve contraire. Commecette preuve contraire est souvent illusoire,il a une troisième garantie: c’est que lechargeur est garant du poids indiqué auconnaissement. Les armateurs et les intéressésà la cargaison ont été d’accordpour reconnaître que ce compromís vautmieux que le régime actuel au point devue de la pratique. M. le Président attirel’attention de ses collègues continentauxsur ce que rien n’est modifié à la forceprobante du connaissement pour tousles objets sub a, b et c, c’est à dire:marques, nombre des colis, état et conditionnement.Pour le chargeur, le connaissementfait foi.Ce système pratique marchera beaucoupmieux que le droit théorique duconnaissement qui fait foi, mais dans lequelil y a toujours des réserves. Subsidiairement,on pourrait imaginer que cesystème soit maintenu surtout pour lepoids; mais que pour le nombre et leconditionnement le connaissement aitune portée plus grande.C’est le conflit entre la réalité pratiqueet la théorie. La convention donneraaux chargeurs et aux destinataires desavantages plus certains que le régime actueldu connaissement faisant foi, maisque l’on peut accompagner de toutessortes de réserves.Sir Leslie Scott rappelle avoir ditqu’il était prêt à considérer la questionmais il regrette de ne plus pouvoir le faireet devoir prier la sous-commission demaintenir l’article 3, paragraphe 4, commeil est rédigé actuellement. M. le Présidenta bien expliqué la portée du droitanglais. Pour le conditionnement desmarchandises, le connaissement entre lesmains du tiers porteur, fait foi et lie lepropriétaire du navire. Pour la quantitéet le poids, il n’en est pas de même. Dansla pratique il n’y a pas beaucoup de différenceentre notre droit et la règle continentale.Sur le continent, quand le capitainen’a pas le moyen de contrôler si lepoids mentionné au connaissement estexact, il ajoute la clause “Poids inconnu”.Par conséquent ce poids ne lie pasdence but he could offer contrary proof.As this contrary proof was often illusory,he had a third guarantee, which was that<strong>the</strong> shipper was <strong>the</strong> guarantor of <strong>the</strong>weight indicated in <strong>the</strong> bill of lading. Theshipowner and those interested in <strong>the</strong>cargo had agreed to recognize that sucha compromise was better than <strong>the</strong> presentregime from a practical point ofview. The Chairman called <strong>the</strong> attentionof his Continental colleagues to <strong>the</strong> factthat nothing had altered <strong>the</strong> evidentiaryvalue of <strong>the</strong> bill of lading for all objectsunder (a), (b) and (c), that is to say:marks, number of packages, state, andcondition. For <strong>the</strong> shipper, <strong>the</strong> bill oflading was absolute evidence.This practical system would workmuch better than <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>oretical systemof <strong>the</strong> bill of lading as absolute proof, butin which <strong>the</strong>re were always reservations.As a secondary issue, one could imaginethat this system had been maintained,above all, in respect of weight, but that asfar as <strong>the</strong> number and condition wereconcerned, <strong>the</strong> bill of lading had a muchbroader scope.It was a conflict between practical realityand <strong>the</strong>ory. The convention wouldgive <strong>the</strong> shippers and receivers more certainadvantages than <strong>the</strong> present regimewhere <strong>the</strong> bill of lading offered absoluteproof, but could be accompanied by allsorts of reservations.Sir Leslie Scott recalled having saidthat he was ready to consider <strong>the</strong> question.However, he was sorry that he wasno longer able to do so, and had to beg<strong>the</strong> Commission to retain article 3(4) aspresently drafted. The Chairman had explainedvery well <strong>the</strong> scope of Englishlaw. As to <strong>the</strong> condition of <strong>the</strong> goods, <strong>the</strong>bill of lading in <strong>the</strong> hands of <strong>the</strong> thirdpartyholder was evidence and bound <strong>the</strong>shipowner. As to quantity and weight, itwas not <strong>the</strong> same. In practice, <strong>the</strong>re wasnot very much difference between ourlaw and <strong>the</strong> Continental rule. On <strong>the</strong>Continent, when <strong>the</strong> captain did not have<strong>the</strong> means to check whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> weightdescribed on <strong>the</strong> bill of lading was correct,he added <strong>the</strong> clause “weight un-

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