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the travaux préparatoires hague rules hague-visby rules - Comite ...

the travaux préparatoires hague rules hague-visby rules - Comite ...

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PART II - HAGUE RULES 671Article 7 - Freedom of contract (when admissible)rement indiqué si les Règles s’appliquentau connaissement direct ou non. Celuiqui émet un connaissement direct est-ilsoumis aux dispositions de la conventionpour toutes les parties d’un voyage combinéou seulement pour la partie du trajetaccompli sur son propre navire?Sir Leslie Scott signale que dans lecas des Etats-Unis, où beaucoup deconnaissements directs sont émis, c’est lacompagnie du chemin de fer qui lesémet; elle n’est pas propriétaire du navire;elle n’est pas soumise à la convention.M. Sindballe fait observer qued’après l’article 1(a), le transporteurs’entend non seulement du propriétairede navires, mais également de l’affréteur.Par conséquent, si une compagnie dechemins de fer américaine émet unconnaissement direct pour un voyage quidoit s’accomplir pour partie par mer, ellepeut être considérée comme l’affréteurpour ce qui concerne le trajet maritime.Il y a donc ici un doute et l’on pourrait enprésence de la rédaction de l’article 1, §(a) considérer que les Règles s’appliquentdans ce cas.M. le Président est d’avis qu’on nepeut résoudre ici la question de savoir,lorsqu’un connaissement direct est émis,quel est celui des transporteurs successifsqui est responsable, [80] ni l’étenduede sa responsabilité. Le texte de l’articledit simplement que pour la partie dutransport maritime commençant auchargement et allant jusqu’à la fin du déchargementdu navire, la conventions’applique.M. Sindballe craint que le texte nesolutionne pas le cas envisagé. La seulepersonne qui conclut un contrat est cellequi émet le connaissement direct. Il estpossible que la personne qui exécute laseconde partie du voyage devienne responsableen vertu de cette convention.Est-ce certain en vertu du texte?Sir Leslie Scott croit qu’en matièrede connaissements directs américains, lacompagnie de chemin de fer contractepour le transport par terre et le stipuleexpressément; elle ne contracte pas aunom de l’armateur; lorsque les marchancatedwhe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> <strong>rules</strong> applied to <strong>the</strong>through bill of lading or not. Was <strong>the</strong>person who issued a through bill of ladingsubject to <strong>the</strong> provisions of <strong>the</strong> billof lading for all parts of <strong>the</strong> combinedjourney or only for <strong>the</strong> part of <strong>the</strong> journeyaccomplished in his own ship?Sir Leslie Scott indicated that in <strong>the</strong>case of <strong>the</strong> United States, where manythrough bills of lading were issued, itwas <strong>the</strong> railway company that issued<strong>the</strong>m. It was not <strong>the</strong> owner of <strong>the</strong> ship.It was not subject to <strong>the</strong> Convention.Mr. Sindballe pointed out that underarticle 1(a), <strong>the</strong> carrier included notonly <strong>the</strong> owner of <strong>the</strong> ship but also <strong>the</strong>charterer. As a result, if an Americanrailway company issued a through billof lading for a journey that had to becarried out partly by sea, it could beconsidered like <strong>the</strong> charterer in so far asconcerned <strong>the</strong> maritime journey. Therewas some confusion here and onemight, with <strong>the</strong> drafting of article 1(a),believe that <strong>the</strong> <strong>rules</strong> applied in thiscase.The Chairman believed that onecould not resolve at this point <strong>the</strong> questionof knowing when a through bill oflading was issued, which of <strong>the</strong> successivecarriers would be liable, [80] orwhat <strong>the</strong> scope of his liability would be.The text of <strong>the</strong> article simply said thatfor <strong>the</strong> portion of <strong>the</strong> journey done bysea, beginning with loading and extendinguntil unloading was complete, <strong>the</strong>Convention applied.Mr. Sindballe feared that <strong>the</strong> textwould not provide a solution for <strong>the</strong>case envisaged. The only person to concludea contract was <strong>the</strong> one who issued<strong>the</strong> through bill of lading. It was possiblethat <strong>the</strong> person who executed <strong>the</strong>second part of <strong>the</strong> journey would becomeliable by virtue of <strong>the</strong> Convention.Was this certain under <strong>the</strong> text?Sir Leslie Scott believed that as faras American through bills of ladingwere concerned, <strong>the</strong> railway companycontracted for <strong>the</strong> carriage by land andstipulated it expressly. It did not contractin <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong> shipowner.

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