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the travaux préparatoires hague rules hague-visby rules - Comite ...

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PART II - HAGUE RULES 757Protocol of signatureaucune différence, sauf sur la questionqui a surgi au sujet de la force probantedu connaissement et qui porte simplementsur ce que certains Etats veulentavoir le droit de donner au connaissementdans leur législation nationale unevaleur plus grande encore.Le but de la Convention a été clairementrévélé: ce qu’on veut, c’est donnerau connaissement une base stable aupoint de vue législatif. On est arrivé,pour les transports maritimes, au mêmepoint ou, presque dans tous les pays, onest pour les transports par chemin de fer.Le nombre des affaires traitées par lavoie du connaissement est tellementconsidérable, les intérêts engagés sont sigrands, qu’il importe que le droit applicableau connaissement soit le mêmepartout; qu’il ne dépende pas entièrementde la volonté des parties, mais qu’ilsoit contrôlé par des lois qui auront uncaractère obligatoire, un caractèred’ordre public.Pour atteindre ce but, il fallait arriverà un compromis entre les deux grandsintérêts en cause, la cargaison et le navire.Et quand on appliquera la Conventionil faudra s’inspirer de ce qui a étéson origine, puisque cela seul expliquerala forme de certaines clauses qu’un rédacteurordinaire n’aurait pas inséréesdans un texte de loi.Dans les <strong>travaux</strong> auxquels la commissions’est livrée, elle a parcouru les diversarticles et a tenu compte des observationsqui y ont été faites.Quant à l’article 1, il a été précisétout d’abord que les puissances contractantesauraient le droit, ou bien d’insérerle texte de la Convention tel quel dansleur loi nationale, ou bien de modifierleur législation nationale conformémentà ce texte. Le but est de ne pas obliger lesEtats à prendre des mesures législativeslorsque déjà leur droit commun estconforme à ces principes et aussi de permettreau point de vue de la forme, queles Etats adoptent ces dispositionsconformément aux habitudes et aux méthodesde rédaction de leur législationnationale. Mais s’il est permis ainsi debill of lading, where some States wanted<strong>the</strong> right to give <strong>the</strong> bill of lading a stillgreater value in <strong>the</strong>ir own national legislations.The purpose of <strong>the</strong> Convention hadbeen clearly demonstrated. What waswanted was to give <strong>the</strong> bill of lading astable basis from a legislative point ofview. In almost all countries, <strong>the</strong> sameposition had been reached with regard tomaritime transport as for rail transport.The number of transactions carried outby means of a bill of lading was so considerable,and <strong>the</strong> interests involved sogreat, that it was important for <strong>the</strong> lawgoverning <strong>the</strong> bill of lading to be <strong>the</strong>same everywhere. It should not dependentirely on <strong>the</strong> good will of <strong>the</strong> parties,but should be governed by laws thatwould have an obligatory nature, a characterof public policy.To achieve this purpose, it had beennecessary to reach a compromise between<strong>the</strong> two great interests involved -<strong>the</strong> cargoes and <strong>the</strong> vessels. And when<strong>the</strong> Convention was applied, it would benecessary to take inspiration from its originsbecause <strong>the</strong>y alone would explain<strong>the</strong> form of certain clauses that a normaldrafter would not have inserted in a legaltext.In <strong>the</strong> work to which <strong>the</strong> commissionhad devoted itself, it had run through <strong>the</strong>various articles and had taken account of<strong>the</strong> comments made.As to article 1, it had, first of all, statedclearly that <strong>the</strong> contracting powerswould have <strong>the</strong> right ei<strong>the</strong>r to insert <strong>the</strong>text of <strong>the</strong> Convention in whatever waypossible into <strong>the</strong>ir national law, or toamend <strong>the</strong>ir national legislation in accordancewith <strong>the</strong> text. The goal was not toforce States to take legislative measureswhen <strong>the</strong>ir law was already in agreementwith <strong>the</strong>se principles. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, from <strong>the</strong>point of view of format, <strong>the</strong> States wouldbe allowed to adopt <strong>the</strong>se provisions accordingto <strong>the</strong> customs and methods ofdrafting <strong>the</strong>ir national laws. But if, in thisway, it was permitted to make <strong>the</strong> formatmore appropriate, to [119] adapt it tonational legislation, it was a question of

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