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the travaux préparatoires hague rules hague-visby rules - Comite ...

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754 COMITE MARITIME INTERNATIONALThe Travaux Préparatoires of <strong>the</strong> Hague and Hague-Visby Rulesclaration est faite avec l’intention de priverl’armateur du frêt lui revenant, lesrègles s’appliqueront, que si l’erreur estcommise de bonne foi, elles ne s’appliquerontpas.M. Beecher craint que cela ne prête àdes abus. Ne pourrait-on dire “sans aviserle transporteur de la véritable valeur”.M. Struckmann n’admet pas l’insertiondes mots “sans fraude”.M. le Président rappelle qu’il s’agitde régler simplement ce qui concerne leconnaissement et non de protéger l’armateurau sujet de son frêt. Tout ce quel’on a voulu empêcher, c’est que par desdéclarations exagérées, on puisse se réserverle droit de réclamer des dommages-intérêtsexcessifs. Il propose desupprimer les mots “sans fraude”.M. Ripert déclare que la dernière dispositionde sa proposition demande“d’appliquer l’article 6 même dans le casoù un connaissement est émis pourvuque ce connaissement soit à personne dénomméeet ne contienne pas la clause ‘àordre’”. Il modifie ces derniers mots etles remplace par “non-transférable”. Ilexplique que ce que à l’article 6 les Anglaiscomprennent sous la dénominationde “récépissé” peut être un connaissementen France à la condition d’être nontransférable, c’est-à-dire non négociable.Or il y aurait avantage à se prévaloir del’article 6 quand, au point de vue des loisdouanières, il faut qu’un pareil connaissementsoit émis.M. Beecher croit que la propositionde M. Ripert annihilerait l’effet desrègles aux Etats-Unis. Les règles ne seraientdonc pas applicables dans tous lecas où l’on émet un connaissement. Il adéjà été bien difficile de faire accepterpar l’opinion publique et par les autoritéscompétentes l’article 6 actuel. On y adéjà vu une exception aux dispositionsdu Harter Act. Mais il y a aux Etats-Unisdes intérêts considérables, par exempleles “packers” ou fabricants de viandeconservée, qui peuvent parfaitement sepasser de connaissements transférables.Ils seront sûrement hostiles à la modificationproposée.The Chairman replied that if <strong>the</strong> declarationwas made with <strong>the</strong> intention ofdepriving <strong>the</strong> shipowner of freightcharges due to him, <strong>the</strong> <strong>rules</strong> would apply,but that if <strong>the</strong> error was committedin good faith, <strong>the</strong>y would not apply.Mr. Beecher feared that that wouldlead to abuse. Could not one say “withoutinforming <strong>the</strong> carrier of <strong>the</strong> true value”.Mr. Struckmann would not allow <strong>the</strong>insertion of <strong>the</strong> words “without fraud”.The Chairman recalled that it was aquestion simply of regulating what concerned<strong>the</strong> bill of lading and not protecting<strong>the</strong> shipowner in <strong>the</strong> matter of hisfreight charges. All that one had wantedto prevent was that by exaggerated statementsone might reserve <strong>the</strong> right ofclaiming excessive damages. He proposeddeleting <strong>the</strong> words “withoutfraud”.Mr. Ripert stated that <strong>the</strong> last provisionof <strong>the</strong> proposal demanded “<strong>the</strong> applicationof article 6 even in <strong>the</strong> casewhere a bill of lading has been issued,provided that it was a straight bill of ladingand did not contain <strong>the</strong> clause ‘to order’”.He amended <strong>the</strong>se last words andreplaced <strong>the</strong>m with “non-transferable”.He explained that what <strong>the</strong> English understoodin article 6 by <strong>the</strong> word “receipt”could be a bill of lading in Franceon condition that it was non-transferable,that was to say, non-negotiable.There would be some advantage in availingoneself of article 6 when, from <strong>the</strong>point of view of customs laws, it was necessaryto issue such a bill of lading.Mr. Beecher believed that Mr.Ripert’s proposal would annihilate <strong>the</strong>effect of <strong>the</strong> <strong>rules</strong> in <strong>the</strong> United States.The <strong>rules</strong> would not be applicable,<strong>the</strong>refore, in all cases when a bill of ladingwas issued. It had already been verydifficult to have <strong>the</strong> present article 6 acceptedby public opinion and by <strong>the</strong> relevantauthorities. One had already seenan exception to <strong>the</strong> provisions of <strong>the</strong>Harter Act. But <strong>the</strong>re were in <strong>the</strong> UnitedStates considerable interests, for example,<strong>the</strong> meat packers, who could per-

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