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the travaux préparatoires hague rules hague-visby rules - Comite ...

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PART II - HAGUE RULES 361Article 3 (8) - Mandatory character of <strong>the</strong> RulesM. Bagge appuie la proposition de ladélégation allemande. Il peut accepterl’un et l’autre système, mais encore fautilsavoir exactement à quoi s’en tenir. LaConvention peut régler les dommagesintérêtsdus au chargeur ou au porteurdu connaissement peut régler seulementles dommages à la marchandise même etnon pas d’autres dommages causés parun retard dans le chargement, le transportou le déchargement lorsque la marchandisemême n’a pas été atteinte par làou bien aussi régler ces autres dommages.Ce sont là deux choses bien différentes.Dans le premier cas, il s’agit dedommages causés aux marchandiseselles-mêmes; dans l’autre hypothèse ilpeut y avoir dommage causé par un retardqui n’a aucune influence sur la marchandise.C’est une question qu’il y a lieude résoudre par une interprétation de laConvention.M. le Président croit qu’il faut comprendreces mots dans le sens du droitcommun, c’est à dire dans le sens généraldu mot dommages-intérêts, et qu’il vautmieux laisser à chaque législation le soinde préciser. Quand on sort des généralitéset quand on [125] prend un cas précis,il n’est pas bien difficile de donner laréponse. A l’art. 3, paragr. 6, où il est dit“A moins qu’un avis des pertes ou dommageset de la nature générale de cespertes ou dommages...”, il s’agit évidemmentde perte ou dommage aux marchandises:le texte le dit clairement. Al’article III/8, il est dit:“Toute clause ... exonérant letransporteur de la responsabilitépour perte ou dommage concernantdes marchandises, provenant de négligences...”Ici, la formule est probablement plusgénérale; et on ne peut pas plus s’exonérerdes dommages pour retard que pourd’autres dommages si c’est un dommageatteignant la marchandise. C’est le droitcommun. Si ce sont des dommages extrinsèques,qui ne concernent pas la marchandise,c’est une autre affaire. Parexemple, il peut y avoir un dommageprovenant du fait qu’une fausse date aitnecessary to know precisely what to holdto. The convention could regulate <strong>the</strong>damages due to <strong>the</strong> shipper or to <strong>the</strong>holder, could regulate only damages to<strong>the</strong> goods <strong>the</strong>mselves and not o<strong>the</strong>r damagescaused by a delay in loading, carriage,or unloading when <strong>the</strong> goods<strong>the</strong>mselves had not been affected, ormight also regulate <strong>the</strong>se o<strong>the</strong>r damages.They were two quite different things. In<strong>the</strong> first case, it was a matter of damagescaused to <strong>the</strong> goods <strong>the</strong>mselves. Under<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hypo<strong>the</strong>sis, <strong>the</strong>re could bedamage caused by a delay that had no affecton <strong>the</strong> goods. It was a question thatneeded to be resolved by an interpretationof <strong>the</strong> Convention.The Chairman believed that it wasnecessary to understand <strong>the</strong>se words, ina general law sense, that is to say, in <strong>the</strong>general sense of <strong>the</strong> word “damages”,and that it was better to leave each legislature<strong>the</strong> responsibility of deciding this.When one left generalities and [125] focusedon a precise example, it was notvery difficult to find an answer. In article3(6), where it said “Unless notice of lossor damage and <strong>the</strong> general nature of suchloss or damage....”, it was clearly a matterof loss or damage to goods. The textclearly states so. In article 3(8) it states:Any clause ... relieving <strong>the</strong> carrier... from liability for loss or damage toor in connection with goods arisingfrom negligence ...Here <strong>the</strong> formula is probably moregeneral and one could no more exemptoneself from damages for delay than foro<strong>the</strong>r damages in <strong>the</strong> case of damage affecting<strong>the</strong> goods. That was general law.If <strong>the</strong>se were extrinsic damages that didnot relate to <strong>the</strong> goods, that was ano<strong>the</strong>rmatter. For example, <strong>the</strong>re could bedamage arising from <strong>the</strong> fact that a falsedate had been put on <strong>the</strong> bill of lading.Imagine <strong>the</strong> case of goods shipped on 3February, although <strong>the</strong> captain issued abill of lading dated 31 January. He wouldhave done so because <strong>the</strong> shipper had toprovide goods marked “January shipment”.It was clear that an exonerationclause covering <strong>the</strong> ship in such a case

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