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<strong>Child</strong> PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur
and private sectors, or a single and conclusive <strong>National</strong> infrastructure to combat Cybercrime, including
child pornography. 146 The Ministry for Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation is also (indirectly)
involved in addressing the digital aspects of sexual violence against children.
2.9 Conclusion
Broad and narrow frameworks
Various frameworks currently exist that are (in)directly aimed at combating (sexual) violence – in the
context of which the production of child abuse material is able to take place. Frameworks have been
put in place that explicitly combat child pornography, such as the police and judicial authorities (narrow
framework). Frameworks also exist that may be able to implicitly combat the production of child abuse
images, for example programmes such as Domestic Violence and the Regional Plan to Tackle <strong>Child</strong> Abuse
(broad framework). However, differences can also be detected within these broad frameworks. The Domestic
Violence framework is based on bringing organisations together on the basis of cohesion in terms
of content, and may therefore prevent potential compartmentalisation. In contrast to this, the Regional
Plan to Tackle <strong>Child</strong> Abuse is a territorial arrangement, which sets out to achieve horizontal interlinking
within the region, and in which central municipalities form the bridge to the national government.
Digital and analogue frameworks
The measures for tackling child pornography are based on narrow judicial grounds. However, the combating
of child pornography is being implemented extensively, partly by means of programmes such as
Domestic Violence, Sexual Health, programmes for schools, the Regional Plan to Tackle <strong>Child</strong> Abuse
and the prevention of sexual violence against children in day-care centres, which fall, in part, under the
responsibility of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. Elements of the issue of tackling child
pornography (the digital aspects of sexual violence against children, the digital environment of those
who produce and possess child abuse material and the online worlds of perpetrators and victims) are
barely integrated into the programmes aimed at combating sexual violence against children. Combining
programmes that combat sexual violence with the judicial approach towards tackling child pornography
may serve to increase effectiveness. Within frameworks such as Domestic Violence and the Regional Plan
to Tackle <strong>Child</strong> Abuse, parties co-operate intensively, but for the time being, hardly any connections have
been made with the efforts measures to tackle child pornography.
Connections
Until the measures to tackle child pornography have been integrated into the wide-ranging approach regarding
the combating of sexual violence against children, co-ordinated efforts in combating the sexual abuse
of children, as referred to in the Lanzarote Convention, cannot essentially be achieved. Until a connection
is formed between the analogue and digital worlds, a difference which is very vague 147 for children, and one
in which the dividing line between online and offline sexual violence becomes blurred, 148 caveats need to
be added with regard to the extent of the protection of children. <strong>Child</strong>ren need to be the focus of attention
in both the real world and the digital world, and for these children, those two worlds form one single world.
146 NICC, 2007.
147 See §1.2.3.
148 See Table 1.1.