Child Pornography - Home | National Rapporteur on Trafficking in ...

Recommendations

Info

282 <strong>Child</strong> PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur In the period following this, the Ministry of (Security and) Justice assumed responsibility for, and took the initiative in, the task of combating child pornography. As seen in various programmes, this seems to be directed towards the implementation of measures, or the improvement of existing measures to tackle child pornography, such as the Programme of Improvements in Tackling <strong>Child</strong> <strong>Pornography</strong>, the Korpsmonitor and the policy implemented by the police with regard to the approach towards tackling child pornography in general. The starting point for this is the enforcement of Article 240b of the Dutch Criminal Code. This approach, initiated by the Ministry of (Security and) Justice, is primarily a digital approach and is primarily based on repressive measures. Nevertheless, this ministry also employs an analogue and (partly) preventive approach towards combating sexual violence against children, as a component of the domestic violence programme. Other ministries are also taking initiatives to develop policies aimed at combating and preventing child abuse, combating sexual violence (in dependency relationships), promoting the ability to defend oneself against sexual approaches and promoting sexual health, creating safe day-care centres, and increasing children’s knowledge about digital safety. Amongst other things, this involves immediately combating or preventing sexual violence against children. Work is almost always carried out on an inter-departmental basis. Initiatives sometimes start out in the form of programmes implemented by a single ministry, and other departments join in at a later stage, whereas other programmes are implemented governmentwide. An example of the latter is the initiative of the Ministry of Justice with regard to domestic violence that later went on to form part of the governmental policy. In addition to the Ministry of Security and Justice, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, as coordinating ministry in this field, also instigates a great many initiatives. The Sexual Health Programme, the Regional Plan to Tackle <strong>Child</strong> Abuse, and educational programmes at schools and day-care centres can also be listed as examples of programmes aimed at the prevention of sexual violence. The Ministry of Security and Justice, and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, as well as the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, and the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation are involved in these programmes. These broad, integrated programmes do not generally devote much attention to the digital aspects of sexual violence against children that have developed in recent years, nor is a great deal being done to investigate the opportunities that the digital world presents for preventing and combating child pornography. No effective connection between the judicial, explicit approach towards tackling child pornography and the more wide-ranging initiatives with regard to the prevention and further tackling of sexual violence has been formed. In this respect, a comprehensive policy framework, in which analogue and digital developments in the context of sexual violence against children are connected, does not yet exist. This means that this aspect of the policy is fragmented. As a result, the complexity of the phenomenon of child pornography is also insufficiently represented in policy. Policy initiatives with regard to child pornography seem to be incident-driven, and there appear to be gaps in the continuity of the policy. This point is illustrated by the way in which the previously-stated NAPS disappeared without a sound. Nevertheless, the existing governmental initiatives show great promise. The process of linking together the various programmes is the area in which progress can be made. Initiatives have also already been developed in the practical implementation programmes that seek to form such connections, and these have been described as best practices in the previous chapters.
4.2.3 Implementation Conclusions and recommendations 4.2.3.1 General On a practical level, the complexity of the phenomenon of child pornography, and the variety of forms that it is able to take, present considerable challenges for the implementation of measures for the prevention and combating of child pornography. This report set out to examine the status of the issue in terms of the constituent processes that can be distinguished from one another in this connection. These processes include prevention, registration and identification, detection, prosecution and trial, aftercare and supervision of offenders, and the provision of assistance to victims. The ways in which these processes are implemented have been investigated and analysed, encompassing various programmes that are underway and are directed towards perpetrators and victims of domestic violence, child abuse, sexual health and sexual violence. From this analysis it has emerged that in practice, little attention is devoted to aspects related specifically to child pornography, such as digital forms of sexual violence against children and the inter-relatedness of the online and offline worlds of offenders and victims. The situation with regard to the repressive implementation processes, such as detection, prosecution and trial and probation and after-care, in which Article 240b of the Dutch Criminal Code is, of course, the guiding principle for the actors, is a different one. However, even in these processes, the connection between online and offline sexual violence can sometimes be incomplete. As child pornography takes place within the wider context of sexual violence against children, and due to the fact that the practical implementation of the relevant approach is, in many cases, not specifically directed towards child pornography, a considerable part of this process involves the implementation of programmes against sexual violence, with no specific context that relates to child pornography. For interventions in the digital domain, the government is, in part, dependent on collaborations with private parties. Bearing this is mind, the extent to which public-private sector partnerships have been taking shape has been investigated. Finally, the investigation also focused on the extent to which connections have been formed between and within the processes where this is necessary, and on the issue of whether or not links exist between policy and implementation, with which policy can be translated into practice and vice versa. Many of the problem areas found in the processes of implementation seem to be related to the complexity of the phenomenon and the fragmentation in terms of policy. 4.2.3.2 Prevention The prevention of child pornography is evidently closely related to the prevention of sexual abuse of children. After all, material constituting child pornography cannot (usually) be produced without the sexual abuse of children having taken place. Potential perpetrators and victims therefore would appear to form the most obvious target groups of measures designed to prevent the sexual abuse of children. However, as the sexual abuse of children takes place within, and is influenced by, specific situational and social contexts, amongst other things, the literature takes a broader approach as a basis for the prevention of sexual abuse of children. This approach gives rise to four target groups for the implementation of preventative measures: perpetrators, victims, situations and communities. Primary prevention aims to prevent individuals from becoming perpetrators or victims by means of general provision of information, and the raising of awareness among these target groups as a whole. This type of preventive measure is geared towards each of the four target groups as a whole. By contrast, secondary prevention is 283
Page 1 and 2:
Child Porn
Page 3 and 4:
0 Table of Contents Table of Conten
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents 3.5.4.4 Character
Page 7 and 8:
0 Overview of figures and tables Fi
Page 9 and 10:
0 Abbreviations used ABRvS Afdeling
Page 11 and 12:
Abbreviations used EU European Unio
Page 13 and 14:
NIP Nederlands Instituut van Psycho
Page 15:
Trb. Tractatenblad Treaty Series UK
Page 18 and 19:
18 Child PornograP
Page 20 and 21:
20 Child PornograP
Page 22 and 23:
22 Child PornograP
Page 24 and 25:
24 Child PornograP
Page 26 and 27:
26 Child PornograP
Page 28 and 29:
28 Child PornograP
Page 30 and 31:
30 Child PornograP
Page 32 and 33:
32 Child PornograP
Page 34 and 35:
34 Child PornograP
Page 36 and 37:
36 Child PornograP
Page 38 and 39:
38 Child PornograP
Page 40 and 41:
40 Child PornograP
Page 42 and 43:
42 Child PornograP
Page 44 and 45:
44 Child PornograP
Page 46 and 47:
46 Child PornograP
Page 48 and 49:
48 Child PornograP
Page 50 and 51:
50 Child PornograP
Page 52 and 53:
52 Child PornograP
Page 54 and 55:
54 Child PornograP
Page 56 and 57:
56 Child PornograP
Page 58 and 59:
58 Child PornograP
Page 60 and 61:
60 Child PornograP
Page 62 and 63:
62 Child PornograP
Page 64 and 65:
64 Child PornograP
Page 66 and 67:
66 Child PornograP
Page 68 and 69:
68 Child PornograP
Page 70 and 71:
70 Child PornograP
Page 72 and 73:
72 Child PornograP
Page 74 and 75:
74 Child PornograP
Page 76 and 77:
76 Child PornograP
Page 78 and 79:
78 Child PornograP
Page 80 and 81:
80 Child PornograP
Page 82 and 83:
82 Child PornograP
Page 84 and 85:
84 Child PornograP
Page 86 and 87:
86 Child PornograP
Page 88 and 89:
88 Child PornograP
Page 90 and 91:
90 Child PornograP
Page 92 and 93:
92 Child PornograP
Page 94 and 95:
94 Child PornograP
Page 96 and 97:
96 Child PornograP
Page 98 and 99:
98 Child PornograP
Page 100 and 101:
100 Child Pornogra
Page 102 and 103:
102 Child Pornogra
Page 104 and 105:
104 Child Pornogra
Page 106 and 107:
106 Child Pornogra
Page 108 and 109:
108 Child Pornogra
Page 110 and 111:
110 Child Pornogra
Page 112 and 113:
112 Child Pornogra
Page 114 and 115:
114 Child Pornogra
Page 116 and 117:
116 Child Pornogra
Page 118 and 119:
118 Child Pornogra
Page 120 and 121:
120 Child Pornogra
Page 122 and 123:
122 Child Pornogra
Page 124 and 125:
124 Child Pornogra
Page 126 and 127:
126 Child Pornogra
Page 128 and 129:
128 Child Pornogra
Page 130 and 131:
130 Child Pornogra
Page 132 and 133:
132 Child Pornogra
Page 134 and 135:
134 Child Pornogra
Page 136 and 137:
136 Child Pornogra
Page 138 and 139:
138 Child Pornogra
Page 140 and 141:
140 Child Pornogra
Page 142 and 143:
142 Child Pornogra
Page 144 and 145:
144 Child Pornogra
Page 146 and 147:
146 Child Pornogra
Page 148 and 149:
148 Child Pornogra
Page 150 and 151:
150 Child Pornogra
Page 152 and 153:
152 Child Pornogra
Page 154 and 155:
154 Child Pornogra
Page 156 and 157:
156 Child Pornogra
Page 158 and 159:
158 Child Pornogra
Page 160 and 161:
160 Child Pornogra
Page 162 and 163:
162 Child Pornogra
Page 164 and 165:
164 Child Pornogra
Page 166 and 167:
166 Child Pornogra
Page 168 and 169:
168 Child Pornogra
Page 170 and 171:
170 Child Pornogra
Page 172 and 173:
172 Child Pornogra
Page 174 and 175:
174 Child Pornogra
Page 176 and 177:
176 Child Pornogra
Page 178 and 179:
178 Child Pornogra
Page 180 and 181:
180 Child Pornogra
Page 182 and 183:
182 Child Pornogra
Page 184 and 185:
184 Child Pornogra
Page 186 and 187:
186 Child Pornogra
Page 188 and 189:
188 Child Pornogra
Page 190 and 191:
190 Child Pornogra
Page 192 and 193:
192 Child Pornogra
Page 194 and 195:
194 Child Pornogra
Page 196 and 197:
196 Child Pornogra
Page 198 and 199:
198 Child Pornogra
Page 200 and 201:
200 Child Pornogra
Page 202 and 203:
202 Child Pornogra
Page 204 and 205:
204 Child Pornogra
Page 206 and 207:
206 Child Pornogra
Page 208 and 209:
208 Child Pornogra
Page 210 and 211:
210 Child Pornogra
Page 212 and 213:
212 Child Pornogra
Page 214 and 215:
214 Child Pornogra
Page 216 and 217:
216 Child Pornogra
Page 218 and 219:
218 Child Pornogra
Page 220 and 221:
220 Child Pornogra
Page 222 and 223:
222 Child Pornogra
Page 224 and 225:
224 Child Pornogra
Page 226 and 227:
226 Child Pornogra
Page 228 and 229:
228 Child Pornogra
Page 230 and 231:
230 Child Pornogra
Page 232 and 233: 232 Child Pornogra
Page 279 and 280: 4 Conclusions and recommendations 4
Page 281: Conclusions and recommendations The
Page 285 and 286: Conclusions and recommendations evi
Page 287 and 288: Conclusions and recommendations it
Page 289 and 290: Conclusions and recommendations An
Page 291 and 292: Conclusions and recommendations and
Page 293 and 294: Figure 4.1 Intervention model Inter
Page 295: Implementation processes Prevention
Page 307: Appendix Appendix 1: COPINE scale A
Page 311 and 312: A2 Justification of research method
Page 313 and 314: Justification of research methods u
Page 315: A3 Explanatory notes to tables, fig
Page 332 and 333:
332 Child Pornogra
Page 334 and 335:
334 Child Pornogra
Page 336 and 337:
336 Child Pornogra
Page 338 and 339:
338 Child Pornogra
Page 340 and 341:
340 Child Pornogra
Page 342:
342 Score 1 Score 2 Scale 12 Attitu
show all

Child Pornography - Home | National Rapporteur on Trafficking in ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?