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230 <strong>Child</strong> PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur fenders who want to stop. 617 Since child pornography offenders come together online for various reasons and with different intentions (see §1.4.1.3 and §1.4.2) – also in Dutch-language internet forums 618 – these self-help strategies should be brought to the attention of offenders in those environments, if suitable, because it is possible that offenders may be in one of the early stages of delinquent conduct and would be receptive to therapy. Self-help strategies could also be displayed in the list of results from search engines whenever search terms relating to child pornography are entered. 619 Supervision Supervision is a combination of monitoring of and guidance for offenders, to ensure that they adhere to the special conditions. 620 The probation and after-care services monitor offenders to see whether they are adhering to the special conditions, and provide guidance at the same time. 621 The MAPPA model is an example of integrated monitoring, which is in force in England and Wales. Multiple-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) In England and Wales, the so-called MAPPA system exists for the supervision of sex offenders, and the probation and after-care services play a central role within the system. Since 2003, the role of the probation and after-care service has been embedded and reinforced by means of so-called MAPPA legislation. 622 The probation and after-care service works with so-called Multiple-Agency Public Protection Panels (hereinafter: MAPPPs). These panels make decisions about the way in which supervision is implemented in the case of a specific sex offender. The probation and after-care service is tasked with assessing which sex offenders present the highest risk and pose the greatest threat. A personal plan of supervision and guidance is formulated for each sex offender. The MAPPPs help the sex offender to rehabilitate, by helping him/her find a job and accommodation. The probation and after-care service also carries out home visits. The greater the risk of re-offending, the greater the intensity of the guidance and supervision. The probation and after-care service remains in charge of the guidance and supervision of the offender, but works together with a range of institutions for this purpose, such as social services, educational institutions and housing associations. 623 Monitoring is the tool that is used to ensure that the (special) conditions are observed and to observe any threat that these conditions may be breached, whereas guidance is a tool that is used to change behaviour. The means and methods of monitoring include discussions between the supervisor and the offender, and monitoring via his/her informal and formal networks, amongst other things. 624 Research 617 Davidson & Gottschalk, 2011: p.175; Taylor & Quayle, 2006: p.187. 618 See www.depers.nl/binnenland/568911/De-oneindige-beerput.html (viewed 22 June 2011) 619 When entering the search term ‘boylover,’ associated with child pornography, into the search engine Google.nl, the search results refer to numerous sites where sex with children is discussed. The program Google Adwords could be used to place a sponsored link to self-help strategies above the search results, whenever an individual googles terms relating to child pornography. 620 Poort, 2009, p.9. The nature and duration of the special conditions are described in §3.6.2. 621 Poort, 2009, p.19. 622 UK Criminal Justice Act 2003, sections 325-327. 623 UK Ministry of Justice (2010). Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements Annual Report 2009/10. Ministry of Justice Statistics Bulletin, pp.1-2. 624 Poort, 2009, pp.41-42.
Implementation reveals that monitoring on its own is not effective and may even have an adverse effect. As a complementary component of supervision, guidance is essential if this is to be carried out effectively. 625 For this reason the following aspects of guidance are important: the relationship between the supervisor and the individual under supervision, ‘listening and talking’, building up and maintaining an individual’s network, helping the individual to obtain accommodation and work and to maintain a relationship, and case management. 626 Formal contact that does not involve informal monitoring as part of it does not appear to be an effective way of reducing re-offending. Convicted perpetrators benefit from the involvement of their immediate social and personal environment. 627 This outlines the importance of a project such as COSA, which is described in the box below. COSA The Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) were developed in Canada in 1994. The Dutch Probation and After-care Services are currently engaged in projects aimed at introducing this method for the re-integration of sexual abuse offenders. The intention behind the activities of intensively supporting offenders and supervising their re-integration into society is to reduce the likelihood of re-offending. In COSA, the offender is the core member. An informal network – consisting of three to five volunteers – forms an inner circle around the core member. The members concentrate on supporting the offender both practically as well as emotionally. By maintaining close and informal contact with the offender, the intention is to be able to identify behaviour that indicates that the offender is likely to re-offend at an early stage. Further to this, supervision of the offender is increased by the involvement of volunteers. The outer circle is formed by professionals such as the police and the probation and after-care services. The volunteers therefore form a type of interface between the offender and the professionals. The professional outer circle is responsible for the supervision and implementation of the rehabilitation of the core member. An employee from probation and after-care services fulfils the role of circle coordinator, and is responsible for the operation of the inner circle and the sharing of information within the circles. It is a requirement that the offender is willing to take part in COSA and enters into a corresponding contract with the volunteers. The contract obliges the offender not to commit any more offences and not to keep any secrets. 628 The group of sex offenders who are eligible for this has an average to high likelihood of re-offending following detention or treatment. 629 Research in Canada has established that by applying the COSA method, the likelihood of re-offending amongst sex offenders is 70 percent less. 630 In England, pilot studies in Hampshire and Thames Valley have observed a significant reduction in re-offending. 631 The close interrelationship with MAPPA (see box above) is characteristic of the English COSA projects. The MAPPPs are ultimately responsible for supervising the sex offenders. In the Netherlands, it is possible that the pre-requisites for the development of an approach similar to the COSA organisational model used in England are already in place. As a result of the establishment of Safety Houses (see Safety Houses box in §3.6.3.1), an infrastructure for regional cooperation is being developed that is similar to the English MAP- PA. 632 Furthermore, a COSA pilot study has been launched in various cities in the Netherlands. Cities where this has been implemented included Rotterdam, Breda and, from the end of 2012, Maastricht. The expectation is that 625 Poort, 2009, p.18. 626 Poort, 2009, p.18. 627 Poort, 2009, p.18. 628 Caspers, 2010. 629 Caspers et al., 2010. 630 Wilson et al., 2007. 631 Bates et al., 2007. 632 Hoing et al., 2009. 231
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0 Table of Contents Table of Conten
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Table of Contents 3.5.4.4 Character
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0 Overview of figures and tables Fi
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0 Abbreviations used ABRvS Afdeling
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NIP Nederlands Instituut van Psycho
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Trb. Tractatenblad Treaty Series UK
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Appendix Appendix 1: COPINE scale A
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342 Score 1 Score 2 Scale 12 Attitu
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