Child Pornography - Home | National Rapporteur on Trafficking in ...

274
<strong>Child</strong> PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur
probation and after-care services, and services that provide assistance, but also interventions by NGOs
and the business sector themselves. 876
Strategies
A possible strategy that is (mainly) applicable to reducing the accessibility of (old) material constituting
child pornography is sweeping Internet environments clean of child abuse material and related content
(for example search terms related to child pornography) as much as possible by removing or adding data.
This strategy is based on the situational factors that are related to searching, the pre-criminal situation
and the tactics of individuals who view child abuse material, 877 and child pornography as data for the
Internet 878 (see §1.4.2).
Various interventions that are described in §3.8.3 are focused on removing child abuse material as much
as possible once it has been identified, such as online communities and ISPs applying the voluntary
and statutory NTD regulations. In the discussion about whether or not to block child abuse material,
the motto ‘don’t block, but remove’ is often used. 879 Removal is based on data minimisation: material
needs to be removed from the Internet. Data related to child pornography, such as search terms related
to child pornography on search engines and links to material constituting child pornography, should
also be removed, where possible, by companies, NGOs and the Internet community. Data maximisation
is the opposite of data minimisation. Internet environments where material cannot be removed
are sometimes suitable to add data to. 880 The motto here is, ‘If you have a needle, create a haystack!’ 881
Private parties and NGOs are able to participate in certain Internet environments in the same way as
consumers of child abuse material. They are able to add data by supplying large numbers of files and/or
reference with titles related to child pornography, which in actual fact simply contain a warning or refer
to self-help programmes such as croga.org or Stop it Now!. In addition to this, not only the quantity but
also the nature of the data is important in data maximisation. NGOs and organisations that provide assistance
could draw attention to self-help programmes in open Internet environments where offenders
876 This does not necessarily involve obligations of ISPs to participate in a criminal investigation or commercial
product development by the private sector demanded by the police, see ‘NFI en NCIM Groep
sluiten partnership’ [NFI and NCIM Group form a partnership], Dutch Forensic Institute, 4 August 2011,
see www.nederlandsforensischinstituut.nl/nieuws/2011/nfi-en-ncim-groep-sluiten-partnership.
aspx?cp=68&cs=18251 (viewed 10 August 2011). Such interventions are not included in the previouslystated
definition of public-private sector partnerships.
877 Taylor & Quayle, 2006, pp.169-195.
878 Van der Hulst & Neve, 2008, pp.50-51.
879 ‘Europees akkoord: beelden kindermisbruik niet blokkeren maar verwijderen’ [European agreement: do not block,
but remove images of child abuse], GroenLinks, 28 June 2011, www.europa.groenlinks.nl/Europees+a
kkoord%3A+beelden+kindermisbruik+niet+blokkeren+ maar+verwijderen (viewed 10 August 2011).
880 Data maximisation is also used within the scope of detection of material constituting child pornography
on peer-to-peer networks. Liberatore et al. (2010) developed a method that places unique identifying
tags in the storage space of a downloader of child abuse material on peer-to-peer networks. This
technology is now being used by institutions involved in detection in 49 states in the USA.
881 Presentation ‘Informatie, privacy en veiligheid’ [Information, privacy and safety] by B.J. Koops (University
of Tilburg) 21 January 2011 in the Hague.