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192 <strong>Child</strong> PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur The total percentage of cases registered at the different public prosecutor’s offices varies between 2% (Dordrecht) and 11% (The Hague). For each public prosecutor’s office, the percentage fluctuates each year. The total top 5 consists of The Hague (292), Den Bosch (250), Rotterdam (206), Arnhem (205) and Breda (177). A large proportion of the child pornography cases conducted by the region or supraregion originates from the Department of International Police Information (IPOL) (TBI) (see §3.4.2) Nature of the registered cases Figure 3.9 displays the annual number of cases over the period from 2005 to 2010, broken down into non-aggravated and aggravated child pornography offences. 438 The term ‘aggravated child pornography’ includes: – Making a profession or habit of child pornography. 439 – <strong>Child</strong> pornography that is committed in association with another party/other parties. 440 – <strong>Child</strong> pornography that involves the abuse of authority. 441 – <strong>Child</strong> pornography that results in serious bodily injury. 442 – <strong>Child</strong> pornography that results in death. 443 Figure 3.9 Nature of the registered cases (2005-2010) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Aggravated child pornography Non-aggravated child pornography 438 Please refer to Appendix 4, Table B4.7 for the table containing the complete summary of this data. 439 Article 240b paragraph 2 of the Dutch Criminal Code, whether or not in conjunction with paragraph 1 (for child pornography offences committed before 2004, this concerned paragraph 3 instead of paragraph 2). 440 Article 240b paragraph 1 and/or paragraph 2 in conjunction with Article 248 paragraph 1 of the Dutch Criminal Code. 441 Article 240b paragraph 1 and/or paragraph 2 in conjunction with Article 248 paragraph 2 of the Dutch Criminal Code. 442 Article 240b paragraph 1 and/or paragraph 2 in conjunction with Article 248 paragraph 3 of the Dutch Criminal Code. 443 Article 240b paragraph 1 and/or paragraph 2 in conjunction with Article 248 paragraph 4 of the Dutch Criminal Code.
Implementation The majority of cases involve non-aggravated child pornography (91% on average). The cases relating to aggravated child pornography mainly involve making a profession or habit of child pornography. Three instances occurred in which child pornography was committed in association with another party/other parties and one instance occurred in which child pornography involved an abuse of authority (all in 2010). The remaining circumstances that result in an increased penalty did not occur. As previously stated, it is not possible to ascertain from the statistics whether the prosecution or trial was carried out as a result of the possession, distribution or production of child abuse material. However, there is strong evidence to suggest that the majority of criminal cases over the past years concerned the possession of such material. 444 Research into this matter points in the same direction. 445 The Verbeterprogramma [Programme of Improvements] 446 , the Korpsmonitor [Police Corps Monitor on <strong>Child</strong> <strong>Pornography</strong>] for 2009 447 and 2011 appear to confirm this impression. 448 If this assumption – that most cases involve the possession of child abuse material– is correct, the high percentage of cases of non-aggravated child pornography is probably striking, considering the fact that proving the circumstance of making a profession or habit of the possession of child abuse material, which increases the sentence, appears to be quite a simple matter. This is possible, for example, on the basis of the material that is uncovered, especially if this consists of a large quantity or if it relates to repeatedly downloading material over a certain period of time (see §3.5.3). However, it is possible that in this case, the statistics provide a distorted view and that in reality prosecution takes place more often under the condition that increases the penalty subject to Article 240b paragraph 2 of the Dutch Criminal Code. This discrepancy could then be the consequence of an incomplete registration. 449 444 Based on the analysis of 274 judgments on www.rechtspraak.nl concerning 2008 and 2009 based on the search term ‘240b’ in the period from 2000 up to and including 2009. J.J. Oerlemans, ‘Een verborgen wereld: kinderpornografie op internet’ [A hidden world: child pornography on the Internet], FJR (Tijdschrift voor Familie- en Jeugdrecht) [Journal for Family and Juvenile Law], issue 10, October 2010, pp.236-243,239. The research project was carried out in the context of a thesis by the same author entitled Kinderpornografie op internet. Dweilen met de kraan open [<strong>Child</strong> pornography on the Internet. Mopping up the water while the tap is still turned on] Celsus Juridische Uitgeverij 2010. It should be noted here that this research project only took case law that had been published into consideration. 445 Lünnemann et al., 2006, p.108. 446 Landelijk Project Kinderporno [<strong>National</strong> project to tackle child pornography], 2008, p.14. 447 Programma Verbeteren Aanpak Kinderporno [Programme of Improvements in Tackling <strong>Child</strong> <strong>Pornography</strong>], 2009, p.20. 448 Programma Verbeteren Aanpak Kinderporno [Programme of Improvements in Tackling <strong>Child</strong> <strong>Pornography</strong>], 2011, p.9. The focus for tackling child pornography is not clear. Four variants exist, which contain some degree of variation: focus on the victims (five of the 25 police forces), focus on abuse/distribution/ production (seven police forces), focus on possession/distribution (nine police forces) and four police forces stated no clear focus, see §3.4.3. 449 Notably, if cases were only registered on the basis of the first subsection of 240b of the Dutch Criminal Code and not on the basis of Article 240b paragraph 2 of the Dutch Criminal Code. However, it is not possible to verify the precise manner in which cases are registered at a later stage. 193
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0 Table of Contents Table of Conten
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Table of Contents 3.5.4.4 Character
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0 Overview of figures and tables Fi
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0 Abbreviations used ABRvS Afdeling
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Abbreviations used EU European Unio
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NIP Nederlands Instituut van Psycho
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Trb. Tractatenblad Treaty Series UK
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Appendix Appendix 1: COPINE scale A
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342 Score 1 Score 2 Scale 12 Attitu
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