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222 <strong>Child</strong> PornograPhy First report oF the Dutch NatioNal rapporteur involved who have committed a hands-on offence upon a victim, such as sexual abuse or the production of child abuse material – that if offenders re-establish themselves in the same neighbourhood, the victim will run the risk of being confronted with the offender. After all, it is often the case that sex offenders and victims know one another (see §1.4.2 and §1.4.3). However, a new place of residence for a convicted sex offender can also present risks. It is possible that institutions and individuals with an identifying role will lose sight of him, resulting in a failure of supervision, which means that it is possible for a repeat offence to occur. As outlined in the box below, scenario teams, such as those in Friesland, attend specifically to the requirements of (potential) victims in the event of social unrest regarding sex offenders. The deployment of dual-track or multiple-track teams also works to safeguard the interests of the victim. 561 Specialised knowledge and training Specialisation, knowledge and training are important. As far as specialised knowledge and monitoring are concerned, the probation and after-care service is, just like its partners in the criminal justice process – the police, and the Public Prosecution Service – constantly increasing the extent of its specialism in sexual abuse. 562 This is evident in the facilitation of separate sexual abuse programmes (COSA) 563 and programmes in which there is attention for the specific issues involved with regard to sex offenders. 564 However, it will prove a challenge for supervising bodies and caseworkers to obtain and maintain knowledge about the digital aspects that, from the nature of the case, have a necessary role in the behaviour of offenders, and that must therefore also receive the necessary attention in the supervision and treatment of these offenders. Raising public awareness The reactions from members of society towards sex offenders in cases involving victims who are minors are understandable, but are sometimes based on inaccurate perceptions and incorrect information. It is important to provide the public with information, and this can take place on a national or local level. 561 See §3.7.3 for more information about the dual-track or multiple-track teams. The Tilburg multiple-track team is a case consultation in which partners in the chain carry out an analysis of a case of sexual violence, on the basis of which a well-considered scenario is drawn up for three tracks, namely the offender, the victim and the involved party, within the frameworks of Sentence, Civil and Assistance. It is then determined by whom the actions are to be implemented, and it is discussed whether or not coordination with more tracks is necessary (written information from the Tilburg Safety House, 22 July 2011). 562 This emerges from the certification of vice detectives in the police, specialised public prosecutors relating to sexual abuse cases in the Public Prosecution Service, amongst others. Probation and after-care services also strive to deploy the most experienced probation and after-care workers for the supervision of sex offenders (verbal information from the chair of the Board of Management of the Dutch Probation Service, 27 April 2011). This is not yet applicable to youth probation and after-care, which is taken care of by the Youth Care Agencies. 563 See COSA box in §3.6.3.2. 564 A new form of supervision has been arranged for those placed under hospital orders who remain as outpatients: Forensic Psychiatric Supervision. What is new about this form of supervision is that the Forensic Psychiatric Centre and the probation and after-care service are no longer only responsible for part of the course of the offender returning to society, but, from their expertise, are collectively involved in the supervision of the treatment of those placed under a hospital order during the whole course of the process of the offender’s return to society, see Harte et al., 2010.
Implementation On a local level, information can remove prejudices, but it can also increase vigilance whenever there is need to do so. In Wijk bij Duurstede, a working group was established following unrest after it emerged that a sex offender who had been convicted of sexual violence against children was living in the Horden district. This working group consisted of local residents, supplemented by an official from Crisis Management and a special educational expert from the Municipal Health Service. After some time, the working group established that peace had been restored in the neighbourhood. 565 Monitoring and evaluation Interventions depend entirely on their effectiveness. Many of the interventions stated below have not (yet) been evaluated in the Netherlands. However, developments have been set in motion in order to comply with the important ‘What Works’ principles. For some time now, the probation and after-care organisations have been undertaking initiatives in order to comply with these principles as much as possible. 566 It is also important that initiatives be monitored and evaluated in the future, and that best practices are collected and shared. An example of this is the web report ‘Nazorg ex-gedetineerden’ [After-care of former detainees], which includes the experiences of municipalities with returning offenders in a general sense. 567 Cooperation The final underlying starting point for an integrated approach is cooperation. Cooperation goes further than the mere contact between obvious actors as supervising bodies and those in charge of the case. Cooperation is possible with each individual and authority that has an influence on or is affected by the conduct of the offender. The Action Plan to Tackle <strong>Child</strong> Abuse reports that it is of great importance that a clear and simple structure must be in place, in order to support the decision-making process about the steps that are to be undertaken in the event of (sexual) abuse of children and to determine its implementation. In this structure, besides the Public Prosecution Service, the other cooperating organisations –including the police, the Youth Care Agencies/<strong>Child</strong> Abuse Counselling and Reporting Centres and the <strong>Child</strong> Care and Protection Agency – must all be assigned a role in order to make a correct assessment regarding the application of criminal law, on the basis of adequate access to information. In order to make criminal action possible, it is desirable to set up clear frameworks for detection, prosecution, criminal proceedings, victim assistance and local cooperation. 568 Similar multidisciplinary joint associations in the Netherlands include Safety Houses and scenario teams. The other starting points described for an integrated approach come to the fore in the Safety Houses and Municipal Health Service scenario teams discussed below. Various Safety Houses are still currently under establishment and/or have no experience of the issue of sexual abuse. 569 The Safety Houses are aimed at 565 ‘Gemeente praat met de Horden over pedofiel [Local council talks with residents of de Horden about paedophile], De Weekkrant, 14 April 2011 www.deweekkrant.nl/pa ges.php?page=1724039 (viewed 22 August 2011). 566 Poort & Eppink, 2009, p.41. 567 See www.vng.nl/smartsite.dws?id=92816 (viewed 20 June 2011) and ‘Samenwerkingsmodel Nazorg volwassen (ex-gedetineerde burgers, gemeenten – Justitie) [Cooperation model for After-care of adults (former detainees who are residents, municipalities – Justice)]’ (VNG, 2010). 568 Parliamentary Papers II, 2006/07, 31 015, no.16 569 It emerged that some Safety Houses still have no experience with sex offenders, following the Bureau of the Dutch <strong>National</strong> <strong>Rapporteur</strong> on Trafficking in Human Beings sending a notice to various Safety Houses in June 2011. See Capgemini (2010, pp.33-39) for specific challenges faced by Safety Houses. 223
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0 Table of Contents Table of Conten
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Table of Contents 3.5.4.4 Character
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0 Overview of figures and tables Fi
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0 Abbreviations used ABRvS Afdeling
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NIP Nederlands Instituut van Psycho
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Trb. Tractatenblad Treaty Series UK
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Appendix Appendix 1: COPINE scale A
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