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Further, the hypothesis that the irrigation water institutions In the state have failed in motivate the stakeholders. viz .. irrigation planners/ designers. project implementing agencies and field staff at the system level and beneficiary farmers at the micro lewl to adhere to a cropping pattern designed for a given project. need empirical testing. It is in this context that the institutional base available at the field level and its ineffectiveness in coordinating and motivating the stakeholders to adopt and implement modern farm technology needs to be analysed. Given this. it is quite likely that this problem <strong>of</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> correspondence between the development <strong>of</strong> irrigation infrastructure and the processes <strong>of</strong> agriculture development in the state have made the institutional arrangements in the water sector ineffective. And this. in turn. have resulted in sub-optimal performance. characterised by under/ non-utilisation or under/ non-development <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential. time ami cost over runs and the det.:rioration <strong>of</strong> the water de!i\'ery! conveyance systems. thus leading to institutional failures. ~ .. .... The dimensions <strong>of</strong> institutional failure need a clear understanding in terms <strong>of</strong> the causality and simultaneous interaction between various factors as well as institutions affecting thc process <strong>of</strong> agriculture development in the state. characterised by paradigm shi ft III cropping pattern. These intervening factors and institutional linkages an: necessary to Improve the performance <strong>of</strong> agriculture in the state needs to be analysed properly. The analytical srhere \\e examine is the broad spectrum <strong>of</strong> agriculture as an aggregate <strong>of</strong> various crorring systems. interacting on a small or marginal holding. The cropping syslt:1ll followed by the small/ marginal farmer is intlucllced hy scveral factors and is induced mostly by thc incentive linked crop- 9S
specific promotional programmes undertaken b, ,'arious institutions with distinct strategies <strong>of</strong> inlt:r\'enllon to Increase production through timely suppl~ <strong>of</strong> Inputs. marketing and prict: policies The analytical frame IS d,:veloped on tht: baSIS <strong>of</strong> certain axioms and they are as follows, Axiom 1: There ar!' \'arious institlllions opl'r(ltinR simultaneously ami tht! interactioll and co-ordination between these inslillllions is coniiwllded hI { various constraillts. Axiom 2: Water institutions (Ire one <strong>of</strong> Ihe insrirlllions complemellling rht! paddl based food crop produclion system. Axiom 3: The occurrence <strong>of</strong> axiom I has iliadI' paddy cU/limlion cosl-inerfeclil'/! and there 11'(1.1' perceptible decline in Ihe area under podell' ill rhe irrigation COIIIIIIOIit/I' Axiom ./: Simul/al1l'o/l.I·/.I" rhere \I'as also cOl1Sideruhie dn'lin!' in liIe operatHIIlo/ holdings J (ll1d rhis (/(h'ersely aJlt'Cf!'d rile ('COllOlllles <strong>of</strong> scale III cultivation. As a resu/I, rhere emerged a t,\pical homesread basedfarming system~, dOlllil1(1/ed hy dr)'lperennial crop orietlled mixed! lIIultiple ('Yops. ) The high population density cuupled with the prevalence <strong>of</strong> the law <strong>of</strong> inheritance has resulted ill the sub-diVision Jilt! fragmentation <strong>of</strong> holdings leading tn prnliferation <strong>of</strong> small/marginal and sub-marginal holdings in the stale!. The average size <strong>of</strong> operational holding which was OA6 ha. in 1980-81 has declined to 0.3-1 in 19X5-XC) and further to 0.31 ha. in 1990-91 (GOK, 1(97). 4 The home garden agricult ure. mostly refem:d to as 'homl'stl'ad !;lrIll i ng'. \\ here. a small/ marginal hulding is illtl'rspl'rsed with annual/ $e3sonal as \\cll as pcrl'nilial cwps. requiring less labour and other inputs, including water. This ,ystem l)f land use is aimed at deriving maxillluill helletit out <strong>of</strong> the limited land resource hase both spatially and 96
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60: such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62: the completion of
Page 63 and 64: of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66: areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68: investment In irrigation developmen
Page 69 and 70: Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72: highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74: 2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76: command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78: Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80: y the CADA have led to low producti
Page 81 and 82: agents as against 90 per cent or mo
Page 83 and 84: among their members; c) insisting t
Page 85 and 86: Ansari (1989) shows that there have
Page 87 and 88: unit of land culti
Page 89 and 90: subgroup increased from 40 per cent
Page 91 and 92: 1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94: which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96: across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98: and social setting In which a proje
Page 99 and 100: The indepth study to examine the fa
Page 101 and 102: \,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104: understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106: of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108: greater differences between the the
Page 109: Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 113 and 114: Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
Page 115 and 116: 3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
Page 117 and 118: non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120: '- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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