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eorient the irrigation projects In the state to ensure efficient use and management <strong>of</strong> water. 6. 1.4 The Revamping and Consolidation Programme A massiw programme for revamping <strong>of</strong> the first generation projects was taken up under the "Revamping and Consolidation Programme" (RCP) in the state. The programme was intended for the optimal utilisation <strong>of</strong> the irrigation potential. This also involved rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> the delivery system to suit the shift in cropping pattern occurred in the ayacuts over the years (GOK. 1999:84). The rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> the system includes repairs in head works and regulators. providing measuring devices. lining the canals. repair/ renovations <strong>of</strong> control structure and other related works in conveyance systems. It is anticipated that this programme would help in preventing leakage! seepage and other losses. The implementation was scheduled in a phased manner sequencing the intef\cntions from head works, main canal. branches and distributaries. Though the programme was launched in 1997-98, the implementation started only during 1998-99. Nine out <strong>of</strong> the ten old generation projects 7 were taken up with an estimated cost <strong>of</strong> Rs. 55.36 crores. The project-wise details <strong>of</strong> the works anticipated under the Revamping and Consolidation Programme are shown in tables 6.13. 237
Table 6.13: Details <strong>of</strong> the Revamping and Consolidation Programme for old generation irrigation projects in Kerala Project Malampuzha Pothundy Mangalam Walayar Gayathri Neyyar Vazhani Cheerakuzhi Peechi Total Estimated cost (Rs. Lakhs) for ; Est. Exp. Target Head Cost I Main I Branch Distribu I during 1999- I I , , works canal I canal - taries : 1998-99 2000 1658 279.2 1110.22 268.49 0 24.35 (30) (16.8) (67.0) (162) 455 (6.5) 813 53.5 150.6 593.75 15.15 78.87 (14) (6.6) (18.5) (73.()l ( 1. 9) (20.9) 255 430 7 22.64 204 197 53.17 (8) ( 16) (5.3) (47.4) (45.8) (\ 4.1) 155 370 27 155 126.81 60.64 20.47 (7) (7.3 ) (41.9) (34.3 ) (16.4) (5.4) 200 700 42 284.45 331.07 42.48 31.35 (13) (6.0) (40.6) (47.3 ) (6.1 ) (8.3 ) 220 380 35 118.7 158.1 68.2 86.6 (7) (9.2) (31.2) ( 41.6) (17.9) (23.0) 170 145 8 45.5 75.5 16 17.59 (3) (5.5 ) (31.4) (52.1) ( 11.0) (4.7) 100 230 25 166 39 3.65 0 (4) (10.9)[ (72.2) (17.0) , ( 1.0) 11 5 810 50.5 ! 412 201.1 146.4 i 60.78 ( 14) ; (6.2) ! (50.9) (24.8) ( 18. I ) (16.1 ) 285 5536 i 248 I 1634.09 2839.55 814.36 : 376.83 (100.0) I (4.5) I (295) (51.3) (14.7) I (100.0) Note: (I) Parenthellc figures III cols. 2 & 7 are shares <strong>of</strong> each projects III estimated cost and expenditure during 1998-99, respectively: (ii) Parenthetic figures in rest <strong>of</strong> the columns are share <strong>of</strong> major components in each case. Source: Compiled from GOK (1999): 85. It can be seen that the thrust <strong>of</strong> rehabilitation programme. as generally expected, is on the repair and restructuring <strong>of</strong> the main and branch canals. which are important to take water to the tertiary level. In seven projects. including the Peechi project, a major share ranging between 31 to 72 per cent was allocated for revamping the main canal systems. While the allocation for main canal works was highest in Cheerakuzhi project with n per cent. for the branch canals, it ""as I I , 1955 I I 7 The projects brought under the Revamping and Consolidation Programme (RCP) are Malampuzha. I'othundy, Mangalam. Walavar. Gayathri, Neyyar. Vazhani, Cheerakuzhl and Peechi. 238
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
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Page 253: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
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Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
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Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
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Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
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Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
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Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
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Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
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Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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