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3.3.1 Water institutions By water institutions. it is meant to include the state managed irrigation systems in the state. viz.. major and medium irrigation systems. The irrigation institutions in the state are characterised by bureaucratic domination with minimum or no users participation in development and management <strong>of</strong> the resources. Institutional arrangements in the water sector call for certain strict rules and regulations to ensure fair transaction'- Therefore. the problems and constraints need to be analysed in the context <strong>of</strong> existing norms and procedures like user rights. rigid cropping pattern and canal operation. It may be argued that the water institutions in the state are widely known for the inefficient performance due to various factors. viz.. under-utilisation <strong>of</strong> the irrigation potential already created. cost and time o\'er-runs and other operational level constraints as widely reported hampering the performance <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems within and outside the countr~. The process <strong>of</strong> On-Farm Development under the Command Area Development programmes forms the major institutional intervention at the micro level and this needs to be examined in the framework <strong>of</strong> stipulated rules. ~ Institutional arrangements in the water sector require specific rules, development strategies, poli\:ies for water Ji,tribution. water rights entitlements to the farmers. More importantly. there arc different activities that need to be carried out in the water sector, which includc colledion and/ or abstraction, water share allocation and resource mobilisation ti,r lllailltcn
3.3.2 Crop specific promotional institutions/ agencies The crop specific promotional institutions are the various interventions by the state for promoting crop-based activities. They are various crop-based activIties. which are aimed at stabilising and augmenting crop production and productivity. Some <strong>of</strong> these institutions are mutually exclusive and competitive in the sense that the promotion <strong>of</strong> a particular crop by the respective institution may be at the cost <strong>of</strong> the other 6 . In certain cases. this institutional intermediation also involves policies for protecting the price from falling beyond a level. The various cropspecific institutional interventions are: I. 'Group Farming' and the Group Approach for Locally Adjusted Sustainable Agriculture (GALASA) for revampmg paddy production in 7 the state. 11. The various commodity boards for the promotion <strong>of</strong> specitic crops. These crop-specific agencIes are Rubber Board for expansIon <strong>of</strong> rubber cultivation. the Spices Board for promoting cultivation <strong>of</strong> spices, Coconut Development Board for coconut development and the Kerala Horticulture Development Project aimed at the promotion <strong>of</strong> horticultural crops. These crop-specific promotional agencies! institutions promote crop production 6 The crop-specific promotional agencies function in isolation. As most <strong>of</strong> the promotional schemes are incentive-linked. they recommend the adoption <strong>of</strong> the specific crop, for which the agency stands for. This very <strong>of</strong>ten contradicts with the functioning <strong>of</strong> other institutions as well. 1 lIowever. these interventions also havc becomc ineffective as they failed in the prime objective <strong>of</strong> consolidating the otherwise fragmented small and marginal holdings. 100
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
Page 63 and 64: of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66: areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68: investment In irrigation developmen
Page 69 and 70: Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72: highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74: 2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
Page 75 and 76: command area has reduced the labour
Page 77 and 78: Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80: y the CADA have led to low producti
Page 81 and 82: agents as against 90 per cent or mo
Page 83 and 84: among their members; c) insisting t
Page 85 and 86: Ansari (1989) shows that there have
Page 87 and 88: unit of land culti
Page 89 and 90: subgroup increased from 40 per cent
Page 91 and 92: 1) The maIn activity being undertak
Page 93 and 94: which are unique in several ways, t
Page 95 and 96: across the states in different agro
Page 97 and 98: and social setting In which a proje
Page 99 and 100: The indepth study to examine the fa
Page 101 and 102: \,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
Page 103 and 104: understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106: of the crop produc
Page 107 and 108: greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110: Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112: specific promotional programmes und
Page 113: Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
Page 117 and 118: non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120: '- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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