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loan component <strong>of</strong> the scheme, being only Rs. 200 per ha. was very unattractive (CAGL 1998:225). For instance, the achievement in the construction <strong>of</strong> field channels in smaller plots <strong>of</strong> 5 ha. and below had been only 19 per cent <strong>of</strong> the targeted area while financial achievement is 18 per cent. In case <strong>of</strong> field drains. in spite <strong>of</strong> the target itself being low. the achievement had been only 9 per cent. It only shows that the authorities continue to discriminate the small farmers in development activities. The crucial role <strong>of</strong> field drains does not seem to have attracted their attention. Fairly good performance in the implementation <strong>of</strong> Warabandi programme is a silver-lining indeed. Among the various CAD programmes, as mentioned above, major thrust has been given for engineering activities, such as construction <strong>of</strong> field channels, implementation <strong>of</strong> 'Warabandi' and construction <strong>of</strong> field drains. which together account for almost 68 per cent <strong>of</strong> the total expenditure incurred. In terms <strong>of</strong> physical achievement, in almost 42 per cent <strong>of</strong> the total area field channels have been constructed. followed by area brought under 'Warabandi' However, the execution <strong>of</strong> works on . Warabandi' and field channels and drains have not been synchronised in some projects (C AGI, 1998). The achievement in respect <strong>of</strong> soil conservation activities, including land levelling and shaping has been only 1120 ha. (43 %) against a target <strong>of</strong> 2590 ha. during the period 1991-92 to 1996-97. The shortfall has been attributed to the delay II identifying areas for land levelling and shaping, because <strong>of</strong> inadequate staff in the soil conservation wing. The development status and scenario <strong>of</strong> OFD works across the projects in the state is more or less the same. The engineering related OFD works seem to have been given priority in the allocation <strong>of</strong> funds. For example. 94 per cent <strong>of</strong> 211
the total allocation has been for those activities (Appendix 6.1). In physical terms. construction <strong>of</strong> field channels has been more than 65 per cent in all the cases. However. the soil conservation related activities like land levellino and c shaping have not received much attention either in terms <strong>of</strong> financial allocation or physical achievement. It is, therefore, important that the OFD works are given due importance at least in future with adequate allocation <strong>of</strong> funds and also motiv'ating farmers to adopt scientific OFD. Thc CAD programmes like farmers' training. formation <strong>of</strong> water users' associations and provlslOn <strong>of</strong> subsidy to small and marginal farmers are extremely useful in motivating farmers and building their capacity to adopt new farm technology emerging in irrigation projects. The details <strong>of</strong> such programmes and their implementation are presented in table 6.3. It is seen from the table that farmers' training. an imponant strategy for capacity building among farmers has been gaining imponance over time. For instance. the number <strong>of</strong> farmers trained had increased to 390 in 1997-98 from 303 in 1993-94, an increase <strong>of</strong> 29 per cent. Though this appears to be quite encouraging and welcome trend, the number <strong>of</strong> Beneficiary Farmers Associations (BFAs) had drastically declined from 479 to only 87 during the above period. In the light <strong>of</strong> emerging reforms in the water sector. the need for Water Users' Associations (WU As) has been gaining ground all over tih world. It can be seen from the table that farmers' training. an important strategy for capacity building among farmers has been gaining importance over time. 212
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
Page 251 and 252: conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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