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dominate the agriculture sector in the state. Of the state's 5.4 million operational holdings, 92 per cent were less than one ha. in size in 1991 (GOK, 1993). This process <strong>of</strong> marginalisation is also noticed on a large scale In the irrigation commands as well (chapter 5, table 5.8). The size-class wise and cropwise average operational holdings in the Kallada command area shows that even the average holding size <strong>of</strong> a plantation crop like rubber appears to be marginal or even sub marginal according to the national classification <strong>of</strong> operational holdings as revealed from table 7.11. Table 7,11: Size-class wise and crop-wise average operational holdings in the Kallada command area Size class (acres) Paddy Coconut Rubber Tapioca All crops Below 0.5 0.25 0.30 0.32 0.20 0.28 0.5 to I 0.65 0.58 0.69 0.52 0.67 I to 2 1.16 1.25 1.50 1.27 1.22 Above 2 2.00 2.83 3.54 0.00 3.28 All classes 0.62 0.82 0.91 0.28 0.82 Among the crops, the highest average operational holding size is noticed in the case <strong>of</strong> rubber at 0.91 acres, followed by coconut (0.82 acres), paddy (0.62 acres) and tapioca (0.28 acres). Interestingly, in the case <strong>of</strong> all the crops, the average size is far below the upper limit <strong>of</strong> each size class, which reflects the intensity <strong>of</strong> the problem <strong>of</strong> marginal operational holdings. Moreover, the crops like coconut and tapioca are grown in homesteads ll as mixed crops and does not reflect the actual size <strong>of</strong> the holding. The only crop grown, as a monocrop is rubber. This is because, the physiological parameters <strong>of</strong> rubber make it as a II An overwhelming majority <strong>of</strong> the farm holdings in Kerala are homestead based garden lands and a typical holding has a combination <strong>of</strong> different garden land crops, dominated by coconut. 291
competitive monocropl2 as no other crops or cropping systems could be effectively grown under its canopy. The average size <strong>of</strong> an operational holding in Peechi command area is also disappointingly lower as shown in table 7.11. Table 7.12: Size-class -wise and type -wise average operational holdings in the Peecbi command area Size class Dry area Wet area All crops (acres) Below 0.5 0.38 0.24 0.36 0.5 to I 0.78 0.80 0.67 I to 2 1.44 1.23 1.34 Above 2 2.70 2.50 2.45 All classes 1.28 1.12 1.20 ThIS eventuality <strong>of</strong> perceptible decline In the average holding sIze In the irrigation commands bring to the fore, important implications for the use <strong>of</strong> water as well as other yield augmenting inputs, including farm mechanisation. Immediate impact is that it would tum out to be scale neutral where the economies <strong>of</strong> scale cannot be achieved in farming operations. This has further been accentuated by declining pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong> paddy cultivation caused by 12 It is also important to note that the incentive linked institutional intervention by the Rubber Board has been successful in implementing a planting policy in Kerala. This policy was primarily to promote intensive rubber cultivation in the traditional rubber growing regions <strong>of</strong> Kerala and extension <strong>of</strong> the same to the non-traditional regions. The policy was linked with cash and input subsidies and was very specific in terms <strong>of</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> interplants that could be grown along with rubber. This essentially resulted in a monocrop cultivation <strong>of</strong> rubber. Attracted by the incentives as well as the remunerative prices <strong>of</strong> rubber, there was large-scale adop~on <strong>of</strong> rubber over time among the small farmers. This process was also stimulated by the introduction <strong>of</strong> a newly developed clone by the Rubber Research Institute <strong>of</strong> India, viz., RRII 105, which proves to be the highest yielder <strong>of</strong> rubber in the world in comparison to other varieties <strong>of</strong> Malaysian and Indonesian origin. The planting policy has been modified from time to time to cater the structural changes in rubber cultivation characterised by emergence <strong>of</strong> small and marginal holdings. This process <strong>of</strong> proliferation <strong>of</strong> operational holdings into marginal and suh-marginal units has become a widespread phenomenon in the state. 292
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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Page 259 and 260: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 311 and 312: of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
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Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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