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hardly attended to. This is partly due to farmers' indifference to bring it to the notice <strong>of</strong> the department since they are not using the system. Thus, various problems ranging from technical to management have contributed to the less efficient functioning <strong>of</strong> the MeS, though a limited potential <strong>of</strong> the system is actually utilised. The contrast that the technical sophistication at the system level leading to practical difficulties in taking water from the MCS to the plots brings out the technical constraints posed by the terrain and topography <strong>of</strong> the Kallada irrigation command. Not fixing the hydrants at appropriate levels and places clearly demonstrates the ignorance <strong>of</strong> the engineers about the ground realities. Interestingly, local farmers were not taken into confidence while laying the system. This brings out the outright neglect <strong>of</strong> farmers' participation in the design <strong>of</strong> water distribution network. Though hoses were provided to farmers for taking water from the hydrant to the upper layers, lack <strong>of</strong> pressure made water flow difficult and inadequate. Interpersonal relations and local dynamics also play an important role in operationalising the system more efficiently6. A brief discussion <strong>of</strong> the current status <strong>of</strong> functioning <strong>of</strong> the MCS, as revealed by the farmers is in order, to highlight the extent <strong>of</strong> restructuring and 6 The MCS is installed in the homesteads <strong>of</strong> farmers and the surrounding plots in a radius <strong>of</strong> 90 meters and the farmers could take water from one hydrant using the rubber hose. But the farmers in whose plots the MCS have been installed <strong>of</strong>ten consider it as their property and do not allow nearby farmers to take water. However, this problem is not widely reported due to the general fai lure <strong>of</strong> the MCS as also due to the absence <strong>of</strong> development <strong>of</strong> a ,\ ater intensive cropping system in the command area. As a result, this also does not lead to any water related conflicts. 279
evamping needed to reorient the MCS for effective supply <strong>of</strong> water to the fields. The farmers' responses have been presented in table 7.6. . . n a a a Table 7 6· Present status <strong>of</strong> hvdrants/ wheel valves i K II d Reasons ind icated Head Middle Tail Reach Reach Reach Total Functioning smooth Iv 9 7 12 12 Hydrants/ wheel valves are broken or stolen 34 39 46 41 Hydrants! wheel valves need repair. 23 25 17 23 Design alignment Droblem 14 II 9 8 Need comDlete reDlacement 20 18 16 16 Total fanners(No.) 78 65 57 200 NOle.· HR: Head Reach; MR: Middle Reach; TR: Tad Reach. As seen from the table, only 12 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers report that the hydrants are functioning smoothly when water is released through the MCS. However, the proportion <strong>of</strong> farmers reporting smooth functioning <strong>of</strong> the hydrants is lowest in the head reaches at 9 per cent 7 . A majority <strong>of</strong> the farmers complain that the hydrants and wheel valves are either broken or stolen. The proportion <strong>of</strong> farmers reporting this is 46 per cent in the tail reach, followed by 39 per cent in the middle and 34 per cent in the head reaches. While 17 to 25 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers consider that water could be made available to them with certain minor repairs, 16 to 20 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers opine that the hydrants and wheel valves need complete replacement. About 9 to 14 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers complain that the MCS has design problems as well. An important point em~rging out <strong>of</strong> the above discussion is that the MCS is not effectively functioning even in the head reaches <strong>of</strong> the canal system, where water is relatively more abundant. Given this state <strong>of</strong> affairs, farmers are 280
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
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Page 261 and 262: 2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
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Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
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Page 295: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
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Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
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Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
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Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
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Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
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Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
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Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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