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The water requirement <strong>of</strong> the crops grown in Peechi project also indicates the wide differences between months <strong>of</strong> the year as shown in table 7.22. Table 7.22: Annual water requirements in Peechi project Total Month requirement Wet crops (%) Dry crops (%) ! (Cu.m) January 64.34 36.18 63.82 February 354.08 87.66 12.34 March 440.96 88.37 11.63 April 337.71 84.17 15.83 May 62.57 0.00 100.00 September 8.27 100.00 0.00 October 181.68 96.31 3.69 November 193.38 96.65 3.35 December 177.22 96.03 3.97 Total 1820.21 85.04 14.96 The table. shows that the demand for water is high for dry crops only during the months <strong>of</strong> January and May. During the rest <strong>of</strong> the year, the water demand from wet crops is in the range <strong>of</strong> 84 to 96 per cent. Like elsewhere in the country, there is no incentive to use water economically and no punishment for excessive and wasteful use. For, water pricing is based only on area and crop basis. Farmers show hardly any interest in efficient and economic use <strong>of</strong> water. The problems related to water distribution and use are compounded by non-adoption <strong>of</strong> OFD at the field level due to the wide range <strong>of</strong> constraints and problems reported in the foregoing. In many <strong>of</strong> the irrigation projects coming under CADA, the field channels are not constructed, or left incomplete. The cost estimates <strong>of</strong> OFD works, as undulating topography, 75 per cent efficiency is expected to be realised after a few year <strong>of</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> the system in a scientific manner. 320
eported by CADA <strong>of</strong>ficials, have to be necessarily conformed to the norms and guidelines stipulated by the Government <strong>of</strong> India. But due to the special conditions prevailing in Kerala, such as undulating topography. high cost <strong>of</strong> construction on account <strong>of</strong> high cost <strong>of</strong> transportation <strong>of</strong> materials, high lahour charges, high density <strong>of</strong> population, etc., it is not possible to cover the targeted area with the given investment allocation. As a result, some ayacut <strong>of</strong> the project will be left without OFD works, even after spending the full amount allotted to a project as per norms for coverage <strong>of</strong> the entire ayacut <strong>of</strong> that project. The discussion so far reveals that the awareness levels <strong>of</strong> farmers about the need for and importance <strong>of</strong> OFD are fairly high. However, its progress at the farm level is not up to the expected levels. The complexities and dynamics related to the design <strong>of</strong> the projects, cropping pattern envisaged and realised, construction <strong>of</strong> water distribution networks, crop diversification and the consequent changes in water balance and so on are wide and varied. The important institutional, socio-economic, technical and management related constraints noticed in the development, distribution and management <strong>of</strong> land and water resources in Kerala call for a judicious plan <strong>of</strong> action for the irrigation sector. It is more so because <strong>of</strong> the changing scenario <strong>of</strong> agricultural development in the state. The effectiveness <strong>of</strong> irrigation planning, however, depends upon understanding <strong>of</strong> the ground realities associated with crop based land use dynamics in irrigation projects and its implications in efficient utilisation <strong>of</strong> water resources. A non-conventional approach to irrigation sector development may prove to be a feasible proposition, taking into account the agro-c1imatic as well as ecological variables, wherein irrigation projects are situated. 321
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337: The pattern of act
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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