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2.4 Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Kerala 71 Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology and Analytical Framework 79-102 3.1 Scope and Objectives <strong>of</strong> the study 81 3.2 Relevance <strong>of</strong> OFD 89 3.3 Analytical Framework 92 Charts 3.1 Processes and Steps followed in the Selection <strong>of</strong> study Area and Sample Farms 86 3.2 Water Institutions and Agriculture Development: Alternate paradigms 94 3.3 Explaining the Failure <strong>of</strong> Water Institutions in Kerala 98 Chapter 4 A Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> Study Area and Sample Households 103-132 4.1 Peechi Irrigation Project 103 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree Crops Development Project I 10 4.3 Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> Sample Holdings and Farmers 122 4.1 Envisaged Cropping Pattern in Kallada Command 116 4.2 Distribution <strong>of</strong> Sample Farms in the Kallada Command Area 123 4.3 Distribution <strong>of</strong> Sample Farms in Peechi Command area 124 4.4 Distribution <strong>of</strong> Operational holdings in the study districts 125 4.5 Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Sample Farm Households in Kallada Project 126 4.6 Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Sample Farm Households in Peechi Irrigation Project 127 4.7 Location-wise Average Holding Size in the Command Areas 127 4.8 Distribution <strong>of</strong> Working Population in the Case Study Regions vis-ii-vis State 128 "
4.9 Occupational Status <strong>of</strong> Sample Farmers in Peechi and Kallada Projects 129 4.10 Occupational Status <strong>of</strong> Household Memebrs <strong>of</strong> Sample Farmers in Peechi and Kallada Projects 130 4.11 Age Classification <strong>of</strong> Sample Farmers in Kallada 130 Charts Chart 4.1 Functioning <strong>of</strong> MCS 133 Maps 4.1 Location <strong>of</strong> Peechi Irrigation Project 104 4.2 Location <strong>of</strong> Kallada Irrigation Project 105 4.3 Peechi Ayacut 107 4.4 Kallada Ayacut 112 Appendix 4.1 Physical and Technical Characteristics <strong>of</strong> KIP & PIP 132 Chapter 5 Dynamics <strong>of</strong>Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Kerala 5. I Irrigation Development under Five Year Plans 135 5.2 Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Kerala 148 5.3 Tables Organisational Aspects <strong>of</strong> Irrigation Development in Kerala 5.1 Plan-wise Public Investment in Irrigation projects 136 5.2A 5.2B 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Completed Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Kerala Ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Kerala Physical and Financial Performance <strong>of</strong> Completed Projects, 1995-96 Physical and Financial Performance <strong>of</strong> Ongoing Projects, 1998-99 Growth Rates in Cropped Area and Indicators <strong>of</strong> Irrigation Development in Kerala, 1952-1997 Trends in Crop-wise Area in Kerala, 1960-61 to 1997-98 134-201 172 137 138 142 143 147 lSI • iii
Page 1 and 2: , ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
Page 3 and 4: DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
Page 5 and 6: I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
Page 7: CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Page 11 and 12: 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
Page 13 and 14: Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
Page 15 and 16: Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
Page 17 and 18: An attempt has been made in this ch
Page 19 and 20: among the people and the process <s
Page 21 and 22: the Indian state had followed a pol
Page 23 and 24: water harvesting 7 by arguing that
Page 25 and 26: (World Register of
Page 27 and 28: Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
Page 29 and 30: One of the most im
Page 31 and 32: integrated development of</
Page 33 and 34: inadequate attention given to OFD w
Page 35 and 36: performance of irr
Page 37 and 38: created. According to the Central W
Page 39 and 40: 7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
Page 41 and 42: competent and responsible agency wi
Page 43 and 44: physiographic conditions of
Page 45 and 46: (14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
Page 47 and 48: interventions to improve the operat
Page 49 and 50: a summary of findi
Page 51 and 52: economic analysis of</stron
Page 53 and 54: een brought out by many scholars in
Page 55 and 56: While the economic benefits <strong
Page 57 and 58: sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
Page 59 and 60:
such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
Page 61 and 62:
the completion of
Page 63 and 64:
of rainfed croppin
Page 65 and 66:
areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68:
investment In irrigation developmen
Page 69 and 70:
Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
Page 71 and 72:
highlighted the problems related to
Page 73 and 74:
2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
Page 79 and 80:
y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
Page 105 and 106:
of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
Page 109 and 110:
Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
Page 111 and 112:
specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120:
'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122:
strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126:
4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128:
Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130:
in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166:
development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176:
ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178:
The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180:
(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188:
The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190:
project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198:
5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200:
place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204:
Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206:
Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208:
Another source of
Page 209 and 210:
process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216:
ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218:
ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222:
conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240:
possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
Page 253 and 254:
3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256:
Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259 and 260:
practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 261 and 262:
2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
Page 263 and 264:
large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268:
The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272:
The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274:
· 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276:
etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280:
Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282:
3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284:
The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286:
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290:
It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292:
een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294:
a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296:
The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298:
evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300:
supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302:
the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304:
All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306:
It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308:
implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310:
competitive monocropl2 as no other
Page 311 and 312:
of conversion thro
Page 313 and 314:
involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316:
The viability of p
Page 317 and 318:
factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320:
The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322:
may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324:
process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330:
2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332:
manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334:
according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336:
Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338:
The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340:
eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342:
Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344:
d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346:
all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348:
irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350:
comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352:
time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354:
the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356:
cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358:
through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360:
een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362:
It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364:
The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366:
of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368:
economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370:
The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372:
of allocation and
Page 373 and 374:
shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376:
as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378:
labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382:
ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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