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465 WUAs as at the end <strong>of</strong> 1994-95. Of these associations, only 43 per cent were reported to be functional on records. Most <strong>of</strong> these associations have been formed during the period between 1985 and 1989 and there was no renewal <strong>of</strong> the registrations. In the right bank canal system, about 26 per cent <strong>of</strong> the associations have been found to be functioning. In the Kallada project, it was envisaged to form about 2,500 WUAs by March 1992. The responsibility <strong>of</strong> forming these WUAs was vested with 31 Agricultural Officers and three Assistant Directors <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. A review <strong>of</strong> the progress in fonning the WUAs, revealed that only about 260 WUAs had been formed by February 1992. An important aspect with respect to water distribution is that there are wide differences in water requirements <strong>of</strong> different crops in irrigation commands. The water distribution plan needs to be flexible so as to cater to the water requirements <strong>of</strong> both dry as well as wet crops. For instance, the Kallada irrigation project, which is dominated by dry crops, the water requirements are different in different seasons. Table 7.21: Monthly irrigation requirement in Kallada project (in MmJ) Month/ season Dry land Wet land Total % <strong>of</strong> maximum demand Janual}' 57.890 28.234 86.1240 72.32 February 60.980 33.150 94.130 79.05 March 72.740 46.340 119.080 100.00 Aj:>ri I 30.650 15.387 46.037 38.66 M~ 17.900 1.444 19.344 16.24 June 3.00 26.670 29.670 24.92 JulY ---- 12.560 12.560 10.55 August 3.460 25.732 29.192 24.51 September 2.380 35.247 37.627 31.60 October 1.940 21.844 23.784 19.97 November 9.886 34.267 44.153 37.08 December 40.350 62.248 102.59R 86.16 318
The pattern <strong>of</strong> actual monthly requirement 26 <strong>of</strong> irrigation water in the Kallada command area based on the Joint Report <strong>of</strong> the Project Planning and Monitoring (PPM) cell and the Departments <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Co-operation has been given in Table 7.21. It shows that the water requirement varies across crops and seasons. For instance, the max~mum water demand for dry crops is in the month <strong>of</strong> March, whereas, that for wet crops, it is in the month <strong>of</strong> December. In other words, it implies that the opening <strong>of</strong> the canal for irrigating dry crops during the months <strong>of</strong> January to March, may cause crop damage in the wet land, because <strong>of</strong> the water logging problems caused by the canal seepage. It is important to note that during the six months period from January till June (start <strong>of</strong> monsoon) the water requirement is the highest for the dry crops compared to rest <strong>of</strong> the months when irrigation requirement is very high for wet crops, mainly paddy. However, no canal operational plans are prepared in advance to supply and regulate water according to the requirements in different seasons. Moreover, as the existing MCS infrastructure is almost defunct, release <strong>of</strong> water for dry crops is out <strong>of</strong> question. 26 The crop water requirements have been computed fortnightly for the projected cropping pattern. For computing the field irrigation requirement <strong>of</strong> paddy percolation rate <strong>of</strong> 6.5 mm / day, 7 mm / day and 10 mm / day have been taken for loam soil for Kharif, Rabi and summer seasons respectively. The overall efficiency <strong>of</strong> 75 per cent has been taken for arriving at the irrigation requirements at the canal head assuming 84 per cent conveyance efficiency (the entire distribution system being lined) and field efficiency <strong>of</strong> 90 per cent. Since the system is lined and improved system <strong>of</strong> on-farm conveyance <strong>of</strong> water distribution (through MCS) is effected and because <strong>of</strong> the 319
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
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Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
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Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
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Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
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Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
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GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
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Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
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Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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