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BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Books Agarwal. A.N., H.O. Vanna and R.C. Gupta (1993): India Economic Information Year Book 1992-93, National, New Delhi. Ali. Imran (1986): The Punjab under Imperialism. 1885-1947, Oxford University Press. New Delhi. Ali. Imran (1988): The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885- I 947, Oxford University Press. New Delhi. Allchin. Bridget and Raymond Allchin (1968): The Birth <strong>of</strong> Indian Civilization, Penguin. Harmondsworth. Aloys. A. Michael (1967): The Indus River, Yale University Press, North Haven. Baker. Sir William Erskine (1849): Memorandum on the Western Jamuna Canals in the North Western Provinces <strong>of</strong> Bengal Presidency, Smith. Elder & Cu .. London. Bhatia. B.M. (1965): Famines in India. A Study in Some Aspects <strong>of</strong> the Economic History <strong>of</strong> India. 1860-19U5, 2 nd edition, Bombay. Bose. A (1942): Social and Rural Economy <strong>of</strong> North India. C. 600 BC- AD 200, Vol. L University <strong>of</strong> Calcutta. Calcutta. Brewer. J .. S. Kolavalli, A.H. Kalro. G. Naik, S. Ramnarayan. K.V. Raju and R. Sakthivadivel (1999): Irrigation Management Transfer in India: Policies. Processes and Performance, Oxford & IBH publications, New Delhi. Byres. Terence, 1. (1994): . State, Class and Development Planning in India', In: T.1. Byres (ed.). The State and Development Planning in India, Oxford University Press. Delhi. Chi. Chao Ting (1963): Key Economic Areas in Chinese History, Paragaon Reprint Corporation, New York. Cotton. Sir Arthur (1854): Public Works in India, London, WM HAllen & Co., London Coward. E. Walter. Jr. (ed.) (1980): Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. Dasgupta. P. and K.G. Maler (1997): 'The Environment and Emerging Development Issues'; UNUI WIDER Studies in Development Economics, Clarenden Press, Oxford. Dasgupta. Satadal (1989): Diffusion <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Innovation in Village India, Wiley Eastern Ltd .. New Delhi. Dhawan. B.D. (1988): Irrigation in India's Agricultural Development: Productivity. Stability and Equity, Sage, New Delhi. 364
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irrigation Water Management, ComlOOnwealfi Publishers, New Delhi. Dhawan, B.D. (1994): Irrigation in India's Agricultural Devclopmel1J: ProdUClil'ity. Stability. Equity, Sage Publications, New Delhi, and Commonwealth Publish.:rs, New Delhi. Dhawan, B.D (1995): Groundwater Depletion. Land Degradation and Jrrigatei Agriculture in India, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi. Dhawan, B.D. (1998): Studies in Agricultural Investments and Rural Savings, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi. Dhawan, B.D. (1999): Studies in Indian Irrigation, Commonwealth Publisher!>, New Delhi. Dogra, Bharat (1986): 'The Indian Experience with Large Dams', In E Goldsmith and N Hildyard (eds.), The Social and Environmental Ejfects <strong>of</strong> Large Dams, Vol. 2: Case Studies, Wadebridge Ecological Centre. U.K. Ferista, M.K. (1967): The History <strong>of</strong> Hinduslan .... to the Death o.lAkbar. 3 Vols .. Translator. Dow. A., T. Becket and P.A. Hondt, London. George, M V and Nair. N. G. (1982): 'Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Kerala', In Pillai. P P (Ed.) Agricultural Development ill Kerala. Agricole Publishing Academy. New Delhi. Fairservis, Walter A. Jr. (1971): The RoOis <strong>of</strong> Ancient India. The Macmillan Co .. New York. Framji, K.K and I.K. Mahajan (1969): Irrigation and Drainage in the World, Vol. I, International Congress for Irrigation and Drainage, New Delhi. Fukazawa, H (1982): 'The State and Economy: Maharashtra and the Deccan- A Note', In: Irfan Habib and Tapan Ray Chaudhuri (Eds.) The Cambridge Economic History <strong>of</strong> India, Vol. I, 1200-1750, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gulati, Ashok, K .. Mark Svendsen and Nandini Roy Chaudhury (1995): 'Capital Costs <strong>of</strong> Major and Medium Irrigation Schemes in India'. In Mark Svendsen and Ashok Gulati (cds.) Strategic Changes in Indian Irrigation, Macmillan India Limited. New Delhi. Hatate, Isao (1978): Irrigation. Agriculture and the Landlord in Modern Japan, Institute <strong>of</strong> Development Economics. Tokyo. Heller, Patrick (1999): The Labour <strong>of</strong> Development: Workers and the Translormation <strong>of</strong> Capitalism in Kerala. India. Cornell University Press. Ithaca & London. Henderson, J.M and R. Quandt .. (1971): Micro Economic Theory. Me Graw Hill. New York. 365
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381: ground realities associated with cr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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