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The conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy fields for agricultural and non-agricultural uses has been widely debated in the state. A comprehensive study by Jeemol Unni (1983) examines the cropping pattern changes and brings out evidences <strong>of</strong> replacement <strong>of</strong> paddy by coconut in the districts <strong>of</strong> Kerala. On the technical possibilities <strong>of</strong> converting paddy lands into coconut gardens. the paper explains two indigenous means <strong>of</strong> dealing with this problem. In the fist instance. coconut saplings are planted on the bunds <strong>of</strong> paddy fields. which also strengthens the bunds. Gradually. these bunds are widened and another row <strong>of</strong> coconut saplings is planted and this goes on till the whole field is converted into a coconut garden. By the second method, the land is raised in mounds within paddy fields at regular intervals in between and saplings are planted. As these plants grow. more such mounds are raised and the \\ho\C plot is converted into a c"conut garden. Yet another process <strong>of</strong> conversion is step-by-step. by which banana. tapioca (cassava) and ginger are planted on horizontal or circular mounds raised in the paddy fields with coconut or arecanut saplings planted in between. The cultivation <strong>of</strong> the annuall seasonal crops is continued until the coconut or arecanut plants grow. This process appears to be more scientific as the crop residue provides mulching effect and there is no need <strong>of</strong> speci fie crop-husbandry measures for the main crops. Kannan and Puhpangadan (1988) examined taluk-wise trends in paddy area for the period 1975-76 to 1985-86 The 56 taluks have been classified in terms <strong>of</strong> \'ater logging. The proportion <strong>of</strong> area kept as fallow and fallow other than current fallow (p"t together) has increased from I 69 per cent In 1965-66 to 2.17 per cent in 1996-')7. 155
area and yield <strong>of</strong> paddy as taluks with: a) high area-high yield, b) high area-medium yield: c) high area-low yield: d) low area-high yield: e) low area-medium yield: and f) low area-low yield. The analysis shows that 55.3 per cent <strong>of</strong> yield has come from the first two groups <strong>of</strong> taluks, which occupies 48.6 per cent <strong>of</strong> paddy growing area, followed by low area - medium yield taluks (18.62 %) occupying 20.21 per cent <strong>of</strong> area. it is found that the rate <strong>of</strong> conversion is thc highest _ in hioh e in low area-low yield taluks (-3.5%). followed by high area - low yield taluks (-3 %), low area-high yield taluks (-2.5%) and low area - medium yield ta1uks (-2.1 %)14. Kannan and Pushpangadan (1990) find that most <strong>of</strong> the decline in paddy area has been concentrated in regions that have not traditionally specialised in rice cultivation. A. study by Indiradc\'i ('I (1/ (1991) examine the dynamics <strong>of</strong> paddy field conwrslOn in Thrissur district (Central Kerala) and find that about 47 per cent <strong>of</strong> paddy land is leased out for tile and brick manufacturing industries lS , followed by 13 " Similar study by Suresh (2000) examined the changes in paddy area across the districts for the period 1975 to 1997 and finds that the decline <strong>of</strong> paddy was higher in the large area- 10\\ yield districts as well as large area- medium yield districts. Accordingly, the share <strong>of</strong> area <strong>of</strong> these districts in the total paddy area <strong>of</strong> the state has declined from 27.15 per cent during 1975-85 to 18.72 per cent in 199'i-97 in the fonner case and from 45.11 per cent to 13.34 per cent in the latter case (Surcsh. 2000: 43) I~ Hinterlands <strong>of</strong> Thrissur district are famous for clay mining activities in paddy fields primarily to cater to the demand for clay from numerous tile manufacturing units spread around the region. Besides, the presence <strong>of</strong> about hundreds <strong>of</strong> private brick-kilns also induce the farmers to lease out their paddy fields for mining <strong>of</strong> this industrial raw-makrial and it works out to be highly pr<strong>of</strong>itable than paddy cultivation per .I"I!. Howcver. this process makes the paddy fields deeper and deepcr resulting in water logging through out and as a result. further cultivation <strong>of</strong> paddy i,l ,uch fields becomes difficult. II" al all interested. individual farmers may have to incur huge expenses to reclaim the waterlogged 156
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
Page 119 and 120: '- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
Page 121 and 122: strictly adhered to the directions
Page 123 and 124: 4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
Page 127 and 128: Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
Page 129 and 130: in lands having slopes less than 3
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
Page 133 and 134: in terms of underg
Page 135 and 136: meters. The end of
Page 137 and 138: and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
Page 139 and 140: lands. The average holding size is
Page 141 and 142: The characteristics of</str
Page 143 and 144: size group is the highest in the mi
Page 145 and 146: Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
Page 151 and 152: plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
Page 153 and 154: gt:ographical concentration <strong
Page 155 and 156: Concerted efforts were also made fo
Page 157 and 158: T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
Page 159 and 160: expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
Page 161 and 162: the state cannot be treated as a pu
Page 163 and 164: in gross irrigated area. While cana
Page 165 and 166: development of lan
Page 167 and 168: The annual compound growth rates in
Page 169: 5.2.1 Dynamics of
Page 173 and 174: A micro level study by Narayanan (1
Page 175 and 176: ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
Page 177 and 178: The debate on conversion of
Page 179 and 180: (Table 5.10). The table indicates t
Page 181 and 182: eqUires substantial investment for
Page 183 and 184: Source: Govt. of K
Page 185 and 186: the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
Page 187 and 188: The overall scenario suggests that
Page 189 and 190: project, they tend to undertake yie
Page 191 and 192: the establishment expenditure (stri
Page 193 and 194: a CriSIS. As the works involved In
Page 195 and 196: (ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
Page 197 and 198: 5.15). The table indicates that the
Page 199 and 200: place. There were three revisions J
Page 201 and 202: Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
Page 203 and 204: Let us now examIne the intensity <s
Page 205 and 206: Cost escalation due to arbitration
Page 207 and 208: Another source of
Page 209 and 210: process would be very high. This al
Page 211 and 212: construction for more than 20 years
Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380:
Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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