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Rohan D'Souza, Pranab Mukhopadhayay and Ashish Kothari (1998): 'Reevaluating Multi-purpose River Valley Projects: A case study <strong>of</strong> Hirakud, Ukai and IGNP', Economic and Political Weekly, 33 (6): 297-302. Roscgrant, M.W., Schleyer, R.G., and S.N. Yadav (1995): 'Water Policy for Efficient Agricultural Diversification: Market based Approaches', Food Policy, 20 (3): 203-233. Saleth, R. Maria (1991): 'Factors Affecting Farmers' Decision to Buy Groundwater: Empirical Evidences from the Indo-Gangetic Region', Indian Journal uf Agricultural Economics, 46 (3): 349-354. Santhakumar, V., Rajagopalan, V et af., (1995): 'Planning Kerala's Irrigation Projects: Technological prejudice and politics <strong>of</strong> hope', Ecunumic and Political Weekly, 28 (14): 586-594. Sengupta, Nirmal (1985): 'Irrigation: Traditional Vs Modern', Economic and Pulitical Weekly, 20 (45, 46 & 47): 1919-1938. Shenggen Fan and B. R. Peter Hazell (2000): 'Should Developing Countries Invest More in Less Favoured Areas?: An Empirical Analysis <strong>of</strong> Rural India', Econumic and Political fVeekly, 35 (\ 7): 1455-64. Swami nathan, N. C. (1990): 'Costs and Benefits <strong>of</strong> Pooyamkutty Project', Economic and Political Weekly, 25 (33): 1817-19. Thomas, E.K .. Indiradevi, P. and Jessy Thomas, K (1991): 'Conversion <strong>of</strong> paddy lands and its impact on land market: an experience in Thrissur district, Kerala state', Indian Juurnal uf Agricultural Economics, 46 (3): 388-389, Vaidyanathan, A (1985): 'Water Control Institutions and Agriculture: A Comparative Perspective', Indian Economic Review, 20 (I): 25-83. Vaidyanathan, A (1987): 'Irrigation and Agricultural Growth', Presidential Address delivered at the 47'h Annual Conference <strong>of</strong> the Indian Society <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Economics held at North Bengal University, Indian Journal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Economics, 42 (4): 503-527. Vaidyanathan, A (1994): . Report <strong>of</strong> the Committee on Pricing <strong>of</strong> Irrigation Water', Indian Juurnal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Economics. (Documentation). 49 (I): 107-133. Vaidyanathan. A, Asha Krishnakumar. A Rajagopal and D. Varatharajan, (1994): . Impact <strong>of</strong> Irrigation on Productivity <strong>of</strong> Land', Journal <strong>of</strong> Indian School <strong>of</strong> Political Economy, 6 (4): 601-645. Van Schilfgaarde Jan (1994): 'Irrigation: A Blessing or a curse', Review Article, Agricultural Water Managemenl. 25 (3): 203-219. Varadan, K.M.. Nazimuddin. M. Kamalakshan. Kokkal and George, Chackecherrv (1998): . Water Distrihution. Water Management and Socioeconomic A~pects <strong>of</strong> Irrigation Projects under CADA: A Case Study <strong>of</strong> Neyyar and Malampuzha Irrigation Projects', Water and Energy International, 55 (1): 39-46. 374
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <strong>of</strong> Water Deficit for Plantation and Upland Crops In Kerala', Journal <strong>of</strong> Plantation Crops, 27 (2): 121-124, Veron, Rene (2001): 'The "New Kerala Model: Lessons for Sustainable Development', World Development, 29 (4): 601-617. Wade, Robert (1978): 'Water Supply as an Instrument <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Policy: A Case Study', Economic and Political Weekly, Review <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, 13 (12): A9-AI3. Wade, Robert (1980): 'Access to the Irrigation Department: The tail end problem under South Indian Irrigation Canals', Indian Journal <strong>of</strong> Puhiic Administration, 26 (2): 359-377. . \V ade, Robert (1982 a), 'The World Bank and India's Irrigation Reform'. Journal <strong>of</strong> Development Studies, 18 (2): 171-84, Wade. Robert (1982 b), 'The System <strong>of</strong> Administrative and Political Corruption: Canal Irrigation in South India'. Journal <strong>of</strong> Development SllIdies, 18 (3): 287-328. I I I. GOl'ernment Reports and Documents C ADA (1996): An Evalualion Reporl on Ihe Impact <strong>of</strong> CAD Programme on Production and ProduClil'ily ot ImpOrlanl Crops in the Commands <strong>of</strong> Ihe Ten Irrigalion PrO}eCIS under CADA in Kerala Slate, Government <strong>of</strong> Kerala. Command Area Development Authority. Evaluation Wing, Thrissur. December. C ADA (1997): A Sample Survey Report on the Trend <strong>of</strong> Paddy Productivity in the Commands <strong>of</strong> the CAD Projects in Kerala State, Government <strong>of</strong> Kerala. Command Area Development Authority, Evaluation Wing, Thrissur. CADA (2000): Report on the Yield Estimation Survey 1998-99, Paddy, Command Area Development Authority, Thrissur. CAGL Report <strong>of</strong> the Comptroller and Auditor General <strong>of</strong> India, various years (Chapter on Irrigation Department). CPCRI (1985): Coconut Root-wilt disease: Intemity, Production Losses and Future Strategy. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod, Kerala. ewe ewe ewe (1990): Financial Aspects <strong>of</strong> Irrigation and Multi-Purpos~ River. Valley Projects, Central Water Commission. Government <strong>of</strong> India, MInistry ot Water Resources, New Delhi. (1994): Pocket Book on Water Dala (Waler Related Statistics), ~e~tral Water Commission. Statistics Directorate, Government <strong>of</strong> India, Mmlstry <strong>of</strong> Water Resources, New Delhi. (1998): Water and Related Slatislics, Central Water Commission, Government <strong>of</strong> India. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Water Resources. New Deihl. 375
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
Page 67 and 68:
investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282:
3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286:
Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
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It is evident from the table that t
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implications on the dynamics <stron
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competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326:
Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328:
The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338:
The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340:
eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355 and 356: cultivation of com
Page 357 and 358: through the effective implementatiC
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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