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middle and tail reaches. The sample farmers are personally aware <strong>of</strong> these changes in the groundwater !t:\el. As high as 87 per cent <strong>of</strong> the farmers in the head reaches. 64 pcr cent in the middle and 59 per cent in thc tail end have reported that they are aware <strong>of</strong> the increase in groundwater level. In order to take advantage <strong>of</strong> this positive externality caused by canals. they have even started resorting to extraction <strong>of</strong> groundwater through installation <strong>of</strong> pumpsets 8 . Table 6.15: Canal induced groundwater recharging in Peechi project ' Details regarding !!round water sources Head Middle Tail Total ! I Farmers having groundwater sources SO 45 20 115 Farmers reporting groundwater recharge (%) 87 64 59 68 Water depth before opening <strong>of</strong> canal (meters) 12.52 13.75 14.25 13.45 Water depth after opening <strong>of</strong> canal (meters) 7.57 9.34 10.65 8.92 ' Extent <strong>of</strong> recharge (Meters) 4.95 4.41 3.60 4.53 Farmers having pump sets 38 (76) 24 (53) 8 (40) 70 (61 ) A\crage capacitv <strong>of</strong> pumps (HP) 2.05 1.68 1.25 1.66 Cost <strong>of</strong> "ell construction' (in Rs) 10650 9548 8756 9275 , , Cost <strong>of</strong> pumpsct installation' (Ill Rs.) 5895 4830 3595 4775 . Note: hgures In parenthesIs are percentages . , Cost <strong>of</strong> we 11 construction and pumpset installation are converted into current prices based on the depth <strong>of</strong> the well and capacity <strong>of</strong> the pumpset and installation charges. While 76 per cent <strong>of</strong> the head reach farmers have pumpsets. it is 53 per cent in the middle reaches and 40 per cent in the tail-reaches. This practice by the farmers has not only helped to increase the productivity <strong>of</strong> crops. hut also avoided adverse effects on sod arising out <strong>of</strong> the rise in groundwater table. The average capacity <strong>of</strong> the pump set has obviously been high in the head reaches at H 'I he constructllH' 01 \\elis tl> the farmers is not induced by canal seepage lIlduced groundwater recharge, SUKe the farm holdings are also homesteads where the farmers dwell. wells had heen wnstructed at the time <strong>of</strong> settlement itself. The installation <strong>of</strong> pumpset with capacity above 0.5 liP may be considered as induced by groundwater recharge. This IS hccallsc. farmers tend to install lower capacity pumpsets to draw water fur domestic the', 243
2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in the middle and 1.25 HP in the tail-end. where water in the wells is not as ahundant as it is at the head reaches. The estimates about the extent <strong>of</strong> groundwater recharge is based on the information furnished by the farmers by observing the water levels in their wells before and after the release <strong>of</strong> water in the canal. The cost <strong>of</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> well as well as the cost <strong>of</strong> pumpset installation have been arrived at based on the historic prices and they haw heen converted into current prices based on the depth <strong>of</strong> the well. labour charges. capacity <strong>of</strong> the pumpsd. cost <strong>of</strong> installation. etc. Interestingly. a very high degree <strong>of</strong> association has been noticed between the extent <strong>of</strong> groundwater recharge and capacity <strong>of</strong> the pumpsets and the farm level investment in OFD in the Peechi irrigation projcct as revealed by the coefficient <strong>of</strong> correlation hCl\\een the extent <strong>of</strong> groundwater recharge and capacity <strong>of</strong> the pump set lflswlkd (0.248). between groundwater recharge and OFD expenditure (0.329) and bdween capacity <strong>of</strong> the pump set and the OFD expenditure (0.691) (table 6.16) Table 6.16: Relationship between various parameters with respect to OFD in the Peechi project (inter-correlation matrix) Variables (n OFDEXP PUMPCAP GWEXT DRY I FLAB ~ I 15) SHARE OCSTAT OFDEXP 1.000 0.691** 0.329· • 0.529 -0.208 0 -0.055 PUMPCAP 0.6910. 1000 0.248·· 0.104 -0.111 -0.038 GWEXT 0.329 •• 0.248 1.000 0.005 -0.071 -0.580" DRYSHARE 0.529 0104 0.005 1.000 0.181· 0.002 FLAB -0.208· -0.1 II -0.071 0.181· 1000 0.044 OCSTAT -0.055 -0038 -0.580" 0.002 0.044 1.000 '- • SignIficant at 5 per cent level. .. SlgnIfican, . at I per cent level. Notes: OFDEXP- Expenditure on OFD: PUMPCAP - Capacity <strong>of</strong> the pump set; GWEXT - Extent <strong>of</strong> groundwater recharge; DRYSHARE - Share <strong>of</strong> area under dry crops to be irrigated; FLAB - Availability <strong>of</strong> family labour; OCST AT -Occupational status <strong>of</strong> the farmer. 244
Page 1 and 2:
, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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Page 213 and 214: are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
Page 215 and 216: ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
Page 217 and 218: ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
Page 219 and 220: Chapter 6 Economics of</str
Page 221 and 222: conditions of the
Page 223 and 224: Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
Page 225 and 226: and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
Page 227 and 228: Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
Page 229 and 230: the total allocation has been for t
Page 231 and 232: per cent achievement in physical te
Page 233 and 234: Besides. it has been reported that
Page 235 and 236: I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
Page 237 and 238: ~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
Page 239 and 240: possible in these lands during Khar
Page 241 and 242: Hence. it may be argued that since
Page 243 and 244: It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
Page 245 and 246: project. where it is very high at R
Page 247 and 248: proper coordination between variOUS
Page 249 and 250: deficiencies that help drawing less
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Page 253 and 254: 3) Again. due to the high density <
Page 255 and 256: Table 6.13: Details of</str
Page 257 and 258: doubts about the senousness <strong
Page 259: practice IS more conspIcuous In the
Page 263 and 264: large holders have spent two to thr
Page 265 and 266: Farming is considered mostly as a s
Page 267 and 268: The profitability
Page 269 and 270: noticed in the case of</str
Page 271 and 272: The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
Page 273 and 274: · 13 Bank assistance programme and
Page 275 and 276: etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.22: Status of</stro
Page 279 and 280: Though almost all the farmers repor
Page 281 and 282: 3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
Page 283 and 284: The net income from vegetables and
Page 285 and 286: Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
Page 289 and 290: It can be seen from the survey data
Page 291 and 292: een made to examme as to how many f
Page 293 and 294: a farmer to use water from the dist
Page 295 and 296: The farmers were asked to reflect u
Page 297 and 298: evamping needed to reorient the MCS
Page 299 and 300: supplies. What is more interesting
Page 301 and 302: the knowledge of i
Page 303 and 304: All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
Page 309 and 310: competitive monocropl2 as no other
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of conversion thro
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involving farmers as active members
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The viability of p
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factors l8 . As a result. the agric
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The rise in price of</stron
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may be observed that the canal seep
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process of paddy l
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Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
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The technical constraints In the de
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2) Lack of irrigat
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manure or fertilisers are also do n
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according to the conventional basin
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Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
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The pattern of act
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eported by CADA of
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Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
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d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
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all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
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irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
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comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
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time lag involved in completion uf
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the state has increased by about 46
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cultivation of com
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through the effective implementatiC
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een the highest in Kallada project
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It was noticed that among the vario
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The institutional paradigm evolved
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of India to be rel
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economically viable. This underscor
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The intensity and spread of
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of allocation and
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shows that filed realities have not
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as water management related factors
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labour intensive farming operations
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Given the dynamics, problems and co
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ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384:
Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386:
Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388:
Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390:
Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392:
Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394:
Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396:
GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398:
Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400:
Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402:
Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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