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elahorate this argument further. it may be noted that the method <strong>of</strong> field to field irrigation is the existing practice <strong>of</strong> irrigation followed in case <strong>of</strong> paddy and water courses have not been connected to individual plots. Field to field irrigation is not possihle for garcen land crops. such as coconut. since upper plots will be completely inundated. The irrigation <strong>of</strong> these crops requires substantial investment for redesigning <strong>of</strong> the watercourses and corresponding farm level Investments by the farmers. However. the local field level dynamics need further scrutiny. The trends in the share <strong>of</strong> the important crops in the gross irrigated area. h.owevef. lends support to the argument that irrigated paddy fields have been gradually con\ erted into wconut. arecanut and banana to some extent on account Llf the irrigallDn facilities a\ailable. It is no doubt that the farmers are guided more by comparative protitability <strong>of</strong> alternate crops than the assured supply <strong>of</strong> water per Sf. The pr<strong>of</strong>itability ratios <strong>of</strong> those crops are much higher than paddy. For instance. the estimates based on productivity and prices <strong>of</strong> important crops during 1997 show that the gross income realised from paddy per ha. is equivalent to only 13 per cent <strong>of</strong> the income from arecanut. 10 per cent <strong>of</strong> banana. 22 per cent <strong>of</strong> tapioca. 44 per cent <strong>of</strong> coconut. 21 per cent <strong>of</strong> rubber and 8 per cent <strong>of</strong> horticulture crops. In spite <strong>of</strong> the average productivity <strong>of</strong> paddy increasing in the command areas, the relative pr<strong>of</strong>itability is less. But the reported increase in average productivity may be explained in terms <strong>of</strong> marginal land going out <strong>of</strong> cultivation and nl)t the productivity increase per sc. In the given scenario. cultivation <strong>of</strong> the otherwise limited paddy in the state could be sustained only 338
through the effective implementatiClIl <strong>of</strong> consolidation <strong>of</strong> landholdings. group farm management and assured supply <strong>of</strong> water during summer. The problems <strong>of</strong> under-utilisation <strong>of</strong> irrigation potential as well as time and cost Clver runs are some <strong>of</strong> the important Issues relating to irrigation development in any regIOn. including Kerala. Some <strong>of</strong> the important reglOnspecific factors adversely affecting the irrigation performance in Kerala may be explained in terms <strong>of</strong> physical features. socio-economic factors as well as the political interests. The physical features include the undulating terrain <strong>of</strong> the irrigation commands. and high rainfall intensity causing damages to the irrigation structures. These two factJrs have erippling effect on the cost <strong>of</strong> irrigation dC\elopmcn! Thc socio-economic !actors leading to cost escalatiCln and time over runs include: (a) substantial declIne in area under paddy in the irrigation commands. (bl perceptible change ill crupping path:rn in favour <strong>of</strong> rainfed and pnennial cash crups. (c) rise in costs <strong>of</strong> land. labour and material involved in the construction <strong>of</strong> canal systems. (d) disproportionate rise in establishment expenditure in irrigation schemes, (e) change in design! alignment <strong>of</strong> canal systems. and (I) land acquisition for aligning canals and the earthwork involved. The political rallonale behind the de\e1opment <strong>of</strong> irrigation systems in the post II1dependence era was to ensure balanced regional development. The rent seeking behaviour <strong>of</strong> irrigation bureaucracy, lack <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional approach in appropriate and realistic planning has resulted in huge unproductive expenditure in favour <strong>of</strong> claims <strong>of</strong> contractors and other agencies in\'olvcd. Unprokssionalism and lack <strong>of</strong> accountability is reflected in the avoidable expenditure incurred on: (a) extra expenditure due to delay in communicallng acceptance <strong>of</strong> tenders; (b) extra 339
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, ECONOMICS OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT:
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DEC LARA TION I declare that the th
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I thank Dr. KM Varadan, CWRDM. Kozh
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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4.9 Occupational Status of<
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5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 Financial Investmen
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Figures 6.1 6.2 Chart 6.1 Appendix
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Abbreviations used ASMO BFA's CADA
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An attempt has been made in this ch
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among the people and the process <s
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the Indian state had followed a pol
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water harvesting 7 by arguing that
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(World Register of
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Eighth Plan has been estimated by t
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One of the most im
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integrated development of</
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inadequate attention given to OFD w
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performance of irr
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created. According to the Central W
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7 lagoons, 901 tanks and over 30 la
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competent and responsible agency wi
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physiographic conditions of
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(14 completed and 15 ongoing) proje
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interventions to improve the operat
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a summary of findi
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economic analysis of</stron
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een brought out by many scholars in
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While the economic benefits <strong
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sources, wasteful utilisation <stro
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such as rise in pnces, inadequate i
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the completion of
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of rainfed croppin
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areas being 8 per cent (GO!, 1998).
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investment In irrigation developmen
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Subsequently, an Expert Committee w
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highlighted the problems related to
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2.3.1 Studies on tbe impact <strong
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command area has reduced the labour
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Nanjundappa (1988), while examining
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y the CADA have led to low producti
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agents as against 90 per cent or mo
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among their members; c) insisting t
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Ansari (1989) shows that there have
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unit of land culti
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subgroup increased from 40 per cent
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1) The maIn activity being undertak
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which are unique in several ways, t
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across the states in different agro
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and social setting In which a proje
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The indepth study to examine the fa
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\,;nar~ .NO. ~.~: .t"rocesses ana s
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understand the problems related to
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of the crop produc
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greater differences between the the
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Chart ~o J.2 'Vater Institutions an
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specific promotional programmes und
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Chart No. 3.3 Explaining failure <s
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3.3.2 Crop specific promotional ins
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non-viable paddy. Even the farmers
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'- K01HIKOO --', , .-- :,' , \. ,.'
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strictly adhered to the directions
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4.1.2 Financial aspects The total e
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4.2 The Kallada Irrigation and Tree
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Map 4.4: Kallada Ayacut , IItIJrt ~
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in lands having slopes less than 3
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Table 4.1. Envisa~ed Croppin~ Patte
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in terms of underg
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meters. The end of
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and Kayamkulam branch in Phase II.
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lands. The average holding size is
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The characteristics of</str
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size group is the highest in the mi
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Table 4.10: Occupational status <st
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Appendix 4.1: Physical and technica
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Chapter 5 Dynamics of</stro
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plan. annual plans (1966-69) and th
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gt:ographical concentration <strong
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Concerted efforts were also made fo
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T a bl e 5 3 Ph . I d Ii . I - - vS
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expenditure and p~ysical achievemen
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the state cannot be treated as a pu
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in gross irrigated area. While cana
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development of lan
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The annual compound growth rates in
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5.2.1 Dynamics of
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area and yield of
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A micro level study by Narayanan (1
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ubber cultivation. in Kallada. the
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The debate on conversion of
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(Table 5.10). The table indicates t
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eqUires substantial investment for
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Source: Govt. of K
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the period 1985-86 to 1997-98. For
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The overall scenario suggests that
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project, they tend to undertake yie
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the establishment expenditure (stri
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a CriSIS. As the works involved In
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(ii) In the Karapuzha project. the
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5.15). The table indicates that the
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place. There were three revisions J
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Revenue vis Capital expenditure The
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Let us now examIne the intensity <s
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Cost escalation due to arbitration
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Another source of
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process would be very high. This al
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construction for more than 20 years
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are mainly concentrated in Thrissur
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ApMndlJ ~.1: ProjKI-wlw Ihne tn Tot
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ArlPcndil: ~.J: "'inanchtllnnstmrnl
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Chapter 6 Economics of</str
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conditions of the
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Chart: 6.1 Organisational Chart sho
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and Palakkad together occupy 10 <st
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Table 6.2. Physical and financial t
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the total allocation has been for t
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per cent achievement in physical te
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Besides. it has been reported that
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I , MalamDuzha 387 7.39 1908.53 13.
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~~- ~- --~ In all others. the BC ra
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possible in these lands during Khar
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Hence. it may be argued that since
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It is mainly due to scarcity <stron
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project. where it is very high at R
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proper coordination between variOUS
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deficiencies that help drawing less
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conjunctive use of
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3) Again. due to the high density <
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Table 6.13: Details of</str
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doubts about the senousness <strong
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practice IS more conspIcuous In the
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2.05 HP as compared to 1.68 HP in t
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large holders have spent two to thr
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Farming is considered mostly as a s
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The profitability
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noticed in the case of</str
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The Cobb-Douglas (CD) Function has
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· 13 Bank assistance programme and
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etween I to 2 ha. are to arrange fo
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Table 6.22: Status of</stro
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Though almost all the farmers repor
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3854 in the middle reaches. The pro
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The net income from vegetables and
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Appendix 6.1: Project-Wise Physical
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Chapter 7 On-Farm Development: Dete
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It can be seen from the survey data
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een made to examme as to how many f
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a farmer to use water from the dist
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The farmers were asked to reflect u
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evamping needed to reorient the MCS
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supplies. What is more interesting
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the knowledge of i
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All of the five ex
Page 305 and 306: It is evident from the table that t
Page 307 and 308: implications on the dynamics <stron
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Page 313 and 314: involving farmers as active members
Page 315 and 316: The viability of p
Page 317 and 318: factors l8 . As a result. the agric
Page 319 and 320: The rise in price of</stron
Page 321 and 322: may be observed that the canal seep
Page 323 and 324: process of paddy l
Page 325 and 326: Table 7.19: Productivity and gross
Page 327 and 328: The technical constraints In the de
Page 329 and 330: 2) Lack of irrigat
Page 331 and 332: manure or fertilisers are also do n
Page 333 and 334: according to the conventional basin
Page 335 and 336: Registration Act, 1860 in the erstw
Page 337 and 338: The pattern of act
Page 339 and 340: eported by CADA of
Page 341 and 342: Appendix 7.2: Paddy land conversion
Page 343 and 344: d,l!llS in the post-independence pc
Page 345 and 346: all(lcatioll ill the absence <stron
Page 347 and 348: irrigation commands. Th;; stud) was
Page 349 and 350: comparative COSI .:conomlcs <strong
Page 351 and 352: time lag involved in completion uf
Page 353 and 354: the state has increased by about 46
Page 355: cultivation of com
Page 359 and 360: een the highest in Kallada project
Page 361 and 362: It was noticed that among the vario
Page 363 and 364: The institutional paradigm evolved
Page 365 and 366: of India to be rel
Page 367 and 368: economically viable. This underscor
Page 369 and 370: The intensity and spread of
Page 371 and 372: of allocation and
Page 373 and 374: shows that filed realities have not
Page 375 and 376: as water management related factors
Page 377 and 378: labour intensive farming operations
Page 379 and 380: Given the dynamics, problems and co
Page 381 and 382: ground realities associated with cr
Page 383 and 384: Dhawan, B.D. (1989): Sludies in Irr
Page 385 and 386: Kothari, Rajni, (1989): Politics an
Page 387 and 388: Vaidyanathan, A (1999): Water Resou
Page 389 and 390: Ghosh, Prabir De, Budhadeb (1998):
Page 391 and 392: Nair, Sukumaran, M.K. (1999): 'Rura
Page 393 and 394: Varadan, K,~ (1999): 'Estimation <s
Page 395 and 396: GOK (1967b): Evaluation of<
Page 397 and 398: Ferrer. A.M., .L.e. Lucero (1988):
Page 399 and 400: Suresh, K.A. (2000): 'Group Managem
Page 401 and 402: Tomlinson, B.R. (1992): 'The Indian
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